Integrated Waste Management

By;
M.Safar
 Integrated Waste Management
 Integrated waste management is a system
of waste disposal that includes separating materials
according to type, and finding the best used for discarded
products, which may or may not include depositing in a
landfill.

 As one example, the goal of the

state's integrated waste management is to find alternative
destinations for at least half of the waste collected.

 These alternatives will include recycling some materials

through an approved program, and reusing some
materials as well.
 Integrated Waste Management
• An integrated waste management program will not only
handle household waste, but many other types of wastes as
well.

• Special routes may specifically pick up industrial waste,

which may have different requirements as far as treatment
and disposal is concerned.

• Medical waste, also known as biohazardous material, will

also be picked up in a special way.

• This helps to protect workers, as well as to

reduce pollution and meet certain environmental standards
outlined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
 Integrated Waste Management
• In most cases, the integrated waste management system
will largely depend on the consumers themselves to
separate the waste.

• Value chain management is the concept of integrating all of

the areas of a business in an effort to minimize waste and
maximize output.

• In other words, value chain management assesses every

step the business takes to produce the product or service it
is selling in order to make the process as efficient and
effective as possible.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
• Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) based on the 3R
approach (reduce, reuse, and recycle) is aimed at optimizing the
management of solid waste from all the waste-generating sectors

– (i.e; municipal, construction and demolition, industrial, urban

agriculture, and healthcare facilities) and
– involving all the stakeholders (waste generators, service
providers, regulators, government, and
community/neighborhoods).

• Recently, another dimension is becoming a critical factor for

SWM, i.e., resource conservation and resource recovery. Hence,
the 3R approach is becoming a guiding factor for SWM.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
• On the one hand, 3R helps to minimize the amount of waste
from generation to disposal, thus managing the waste more
effectively and minimizing the public health and environmental
risks associated.

• The waste hierarchy refers to the 3Rs

of reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste strategies
according to their desirability.

• The 3Rs are meant to be a hierarchy, in order of importance.

However in Europe the waste hierarchy has 5 steps: reduce,
reuse, recycle, recovery and disposal.

• The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum

practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum
amount of waste.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

• Waste hierarchy
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

The 3 R's
 The Environmental Protection Agency has determined a
three approach for managing solid waste. Each of these
should be practiced to reduce the amount material headed
for final disposal. They are in order of importance:

REDUCE - The best way to manage solid waste.

 Take your own bag or basket to the market.
 Do not accept bags for your purchases in stores unless you
really need them (e.g. you do not need to place a bag of
bread in another bag).
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

• Choose products wrapped in the least unnecessary

packaging.

• Buy everything you can in bulk (large economy sizes) rather

than small packages that use much more wasteful packaging.

• Try using concentrated products (e.g. soap) which need less

packaging.

• Buy vegetables loose rather than in plastic bags.

• Compost vegetable scraps and garden waste. This can

account for up to three-quarters of the waste you produce.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
• Don't waste food and store leftovers in a reusable container.

• Give your food scraps to animals.

• Maintain and repair items (e.g. clothes, appliances) so they

last longer.

• Sell or donate things you don't want instead of throwing

them out (e.g. clothes, books can be sold at garage sales or
handed down to younger ones).

• Borrow, rent or share things you don't use often (e.g. tools).
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
• Use cloth instead of paper towels.

• Do not take more than you need to use. For example,

don't take packets of ketchup, or utensils from
restaurants unless you need them.

• Use low-energy fluorescent bulbs that last longer than

the regular incandescent bulbs.

• If you mow your lawn or trim plants, let the trimmings

remain on the soil to decompose and release important
nutrients for the plants to use or use them in a compost
bin.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

Benefits Of Reduce
• Manufacturing processes typically produce a range of
solid wastes. Depending on the type of products being
manufactured, solid wastes can include:
• metal (off cuts, faulty products, packaging)

• office wastes (paper, ink cartridges)

• plastic (off cuts, faulty products, packaging)

• Organic wastes (Wood, sawdust, paper, fiber, food

waste).
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
The economic benefits of reducing
• The cost of solid waste is more than just the transport
and landfill gate fee, it includes:
• the cost of raw material lost to waste and the subsequent
loss of potential product

• the cost of the resources such as water and energy used

to process the waste
• labour costs

• waste treatment costs

• collection and transportation costs
• Disposal costs.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

Environmental and social benefits include:

• reduced landfill requirements and resource consumption

• reduced transport and associated air emissions

• Demonstrated social responsibility, such as charitable

donations.

• Reducing your waste also means saving resources. It is

beneficial towards society, by allowing people to limit
their usage of a certain in order to conserve it for the
future.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
REUSE - The better way to manage solid waste.
• Use both sides of paper. Keep a collection of scrap paper to
reuse.
• Wash plastic containers and jars and reuse.
• Buy things in plastic or glass containers that can be reused.

• Reuse boxes.
• Use reusable containers for food instead of disposable boxes,
plastic wrap, or sandwich bags.

• Reuse plastic bags.

• Ask restaurants to use reusable food containers that can be
washed (or at least paper which is less damaging to the
environment).
• Reuse envelopes.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

 It is important to recognize that the sustained

growth in reuse efforts, as well as the sustained
interest of the reuse industry, derives in large
measure from the solid waste reduction
hierarchy:

 Reduce, Reuse, then Recycle. It is best to

reduce first, reuse as a second option, then to
resort to recycling.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Environmental Benefits
 Many reuse programs have evolved from local solid waste
reduction goals because reuse requires fewer resources, less
energy, and less labor, compared to recycling, disposal, or the
manufacture of new products from virgin materials.

 Reuse provides an excellent, environmentally-preferred

alternative to other waste management methods, because it
reduces air, water and land pollution, limits the need for new
natural resources, such as timber, petroleum, fibers and other
materials.

 The US Environmental Protection Agency has recently identified

waste reduction as an important method of reducing greenhouse
gas emissions, a contributing factor to global warming.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

Community Benefits
 Reuse continues to provide an excellent way in
which to get people the food, clothing, building
materials, business equipment, medical supplies
and other items that they desperately need.

 There are other ways, however, that reuse

benefits the community.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Economic Benefits
• When reusing materials, instead of creating new
products from virgin materials, there is less burden on
the economy.

• Reuse is an economical way for people of all socio-

economic circles to acquire the items they need.

• From business furniture to household items, from cars to

appliances, and just about anything else you could think
of -- it is less expensive to buy used than new.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
RECYCLE - The good way to manage solid waste.
• Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new products
to
– prevent waste of potentially useful materials,
– reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials,
– reduce energy usage,
– reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution
(from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste
disposal, and
– lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin
production.

• Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is

the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste
hierarchy.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

• Recyclable materials include many kinds

of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles,
and electronics. Although similar in effect,
the composting or other reuse of biodegradable
waste – such as food or garden waste – is not
typically considered recycling.

• Materials to be recycled are either brought to a

collection center or picked up from the curbside,
then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new
materials bound for manufacturing.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

History:
• Recycling has been a common practice for most of
human history, with recorded advocates as far back
as Plato in 400 BC.

• During periods when resources were scarce,

archaeological studies of ancient waste dumps show
less household waste (such as ash, broken tools and
pottery)—implying more waste was being recycled in the
absence of new material.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

• Industrialists were interesting to buy cheaper than was

virgin ore. They both purchased and sold scrap metal in
the 19th century, and the growing steel and automobile
industries purchased scrap in the early 20th century.

• By World War I, thousands of such peddlers roamed the

streets of American cities, taking advantage of market
forces to recycle post-consumer materials back into
industrial production.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Wartime:
• Resource shortages caused by the world wars, and other
such world-changing occurrences greatly encouraged
recycling.

• Massive government promotion campaigns were carried out

in World in every country involved in the war, urging citizens
to donate metals and conserve fiber, as a matter of
significant patriotic importance.

• Resource conservation programs established during the war

were continued in some countries without an abundance of
natural resources, such as Japan, after the war ended.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Post-war:
• The next big investment in recycling occurred in
the 1970s, due to rising energy costs.

• Recycling aluminum uses only 5 percent of the

energy required by virgin production; glass,
paper and metals have less dramatic but very
significant energy savings when recycled
feedstock is used.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

Benefits of Recycling
• Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become
waste into valuable resources.

• Collecting used bottles, cans, and newspapers and

taking them to the curb or to a collection facility is just
the first in a series of steps that generates a host of
financial, environmental, and social returns.

• Some of these benefits accrue locally as well as globally.

Some benefits of recycling are as under;
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
• Recycling protects and expands U.S. manufacturing jobs and
increases U.S. competitiveness.

• Recycling reduces the need for landfilling and incineration.

• Recycling prevents pollution caused by the manufacturing of
products from virgin materials.

• Recycling saves energy.

• Recycling decreases emissions of greenhouse gases that
contribute to global climate change.

• Recycling conserves natural resources such as timber, water,

and minerals.
• Recycling helps sustain the environment for future generations.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Recycling has the potential to save money:
• Waste disposal costs include the construction of waste
transfer stations and incinerators, landfill fees, groundwater
monitoring, personnel and other operating costs, fleet
maintenance, and other expenses.

• Recycling can reduce some of these costs, and

communities can even make money by selling certain
recyclable materials.

• While markets for recovered materials fluctuate depending

on a variety of economic conditions, buying products made
from recycled materials helps create a steady market
incentive for manufacturers.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Waste reduction and recycling save natural resources:
• By reusing materials and re-manufacturing them into new
products we are reducing the amount of virgin natural
resources that we need to use.
• For example, for every ton of recycled paper that we use
we can save 17 trees.

• Recycling also reduces waste from mining and excavation.

For example, one ton of glass produced from raw materials
creates 384 pounds of mining waste.
• For every ton of glass that is recycled, 1,330 pounds of
sand, 433 pounds of soda ash, 433 pounds of limestone,
and 151 pounds of feldspar are conserved.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Recycling saves energy:
• Energy savings can be seen when most materials are
recycled. One example of valuable energy savings is the
recycling of aluminum cans.
• It takes 95 percent less energy to recycle an aluminum
can than it does to make a new can from bauxite ore.

• According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in

2000, recycling resulted in an annual energy savings of at
least 660 trillion BTUs, which equals the amount of energy
used in 6 million households annually.
• In 2005, recycling is conservatively projected to save 900
trillion BTUs, equal to the annual energy use of 9 million
households.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

Recycling reduces pollution and impacts global

warming
• The manufacture, distribution, and use of products - as
well as management of the resulting waste - all result in
greenhouse gas emissions which trap heat in the upper
atmosphere. Increased concentrations of these gases
can contribute to global climate change.

• By reusing goods and purchasing recycled products,

less energy is needed to extract, transport and process
raw materials.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

• When energy demand decreases, fewer fossil fuels are

burned and less carbon dioxide is emitted into the
atmosphere.

• Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store

it in wood in a process called "carbon sequestration."

• Waste prevention and recycling paper products allows more

trees to remain standing in the forest, where they can
continue to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
help regulate our climate.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Recycling creates jobs:
• In a recent study, the Institute for Local Self-Reliance, a
Washington based non-profit, estimated that nine jobs
are created for every 15,000 tons of waste that is
recycled while only one job is created for every 15,000
tons of waste that is landfilled or incinerated.

• The U.S. EPA has launched a Jobs through

Recycling initiative to help inform communities about the
economic and business development benefits obtained
as a result of recycling programs and industries.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH

• According to their U.S. Recycling Economic Information

Study, more than 56,000 recycling and reuse establishments in
the United States employ approximately 1.1 million people,
generate an annual payroll of $37 billion, and gross $236 billion in
annual revenues.

• According to the report, the number of workers in the recycling

industry is comparable to the automobile and truck manufacturing
industry and is significantly larger than mining and waste
management and disposal industries.

• In addition, wages for workers in the recycling industry are

notably higher than the national average for all industries.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Steps to Recycling a Product
• Recycling includes collecting recyclable materials that
would otherwise be considered waste, sorting and
processing recyclables into raw materials such as fibers,
manufacturing raw materials into new products, and
purchasing recycled products.

• Collecting and processing secondary materials,

manufacturing recycled-content products, and
then buying recycled products creates a circle or loop
that ensures the overall success and value of recycling.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Step 1. Collection and Processing:
• Collecting recyclables varies from community to
community.
• Regardless of the method used to collect the
recyclables, the next leg of their journey is usually the
same.
• Recyclables are sent to a materials recovery facility to be
sorted and prepared into marketable commodities for
manufacturing.
• Recyclables are bought and sold just like any other
commodity, and prices for the materials change and
fluctuate with the market.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Step 2. Manufacturing:
• Once cleaned and separated, the recyclables are ready to
undergo the second part of the recycling loop. More and more of
today's products are being manufactured with total or partial
recycled content.

• Common household items that contain recycled materials include

newspapers and paper towels; aluminum, plastic, and glass soft
drink containers; steel cans; and plastic laundry detergent bottles.

• Recycled materials also are used in innovative applications such

as recovered glass in roadway asphalt (glass phalt) or recovered
plastic in carpeting, park benches, and pedestrian bridges.
 IWM BASED ON THE 3R APPROACH
Step 3. Purchasing Recycled Products:
• Purchasing recycled products completes the recycling
loop. By "buying recycled," governments, as well as
businesses and individual consumers, each play an
important role in making the recycling process a
success.

• As consumers demand more environmentally sound

products, manufacturers will continue to meet that
demand by producing high-quality recycled products.

• Learn more about recycling terminology and to find tips

on identifying recycled products.
 Paper recycling
• Paper recycling is the process of recovering waste paper
and remaking it into new paper products.

• There are three categories of paper that can be used as feed

stocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer
waste, and post-consumer waste.

• Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the
manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a paper
mill.

• Pre-consumer waste is material which left the paper mill but

was discarded before it was ready for consumer use.
 Paper recycling
• Post-consumer waste is material discarded after
consumer use, such as old corrugated containers
(OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office
paper, old telephone directories, and residential mixed
paper (RMP).

• Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper". The

industrial process of removing printing ink from paper
fibers of recycled paper to makedeinked pulp is
called deinking.
 Paper recycling
How to Recycle Paper
• For every ton of paper that is recycled, 17 trees live. You can
recycle most paper, including white office paper, newspaper
and mixed-color paper, through a local curbside recycling
program. Paper and cardboard are recycled the same way.

What Are the Major Steps in Recycling Paper?

• Recycling has become more common as the green living
movement continues to spread. While many people
understand the value of recycling, they know very little about
the actual process.

• Recycling of paper, in particular, features several key steps in

order to transform recovered paper materials into new paper
products.
 Paper recycling
Sorting
• The first step in paper recycling involves the sorting of
the different types of paper you've collected into different
bundles or piles.

• Your local recycling center will typically require you to

sort your paper by grade, meaning what type of paper it
is.

• Different types of paper you may recycle include

newsprint, magazines and catalogs, cardboard and
office grade paper.
 Paper recycling
Collection and Transportation
• The next step involves the collection and transportation
of the paper to the recycling center.

• Depending on where you live, you may be provided with

curbside recycling bins that will then be picked up by the
recycling center or your regular refuse service, or you
may have to transport the paper yourself.

• From the recycling center, the paper is then transported

to a paper mill, where it will be stored in a warehouse
facility until it's ready to be recycled.
 Paper recycling
Repulping and Screening
• The repulping and screening phase involves the paper being chopped
into small pieces, added to water and heated until it forms a slushy pulp.
• The pulp is then forced through a series of screens which help to
remove any contaminants that may be present, such as stray staples or
glue.

Cleaning
• After screening, the pulp is cleaned through a process that involves
spinning it in a centrifuge-like device. The purpose of cleaning is to
remove any additional contaminants that may not have been picked up
during the screening process.
• According to the Environmental Protection Agency, a certain percentage
of contaminants are allowed to remain, depending on the type of paper
that is being produced.
 Paper recycling
De-inking
• After cleaning, the pulp will undergo a de-inking process,
designed to remove any remaining printing ink or sticky residues.
• Smaller ink particles are generally able to be washed from the
pulp, while larger particles may need to be removed through a
flotation process, which allows ink and residue to rise to the top.

Refining
• The refining process involves beating the pulp to make the fibers
swell so they can be used in paper making and separating them
into individual fibers.
• The paper may also need to be bleached or color stripped at this
stage to remove dyes and make the paper whiter.
 Paper recycling
Paper Making
• Once the pulp is clean, the paper making process begins. The
pulp is mixed with water and chemicals and then sprayed onto
a wide, flat screen which moves through the paper machine.
• Once the pulp is on the screen, the water begins to drain and
the fibers begin to bond to one another.

• This bonded pulp sheet moves through a series of rollers to

remove excess water and then through a series of heated
dryers.
• Coating is applied to the paper if necessary, and it is then put
onto rolls or cut into sheets.

Reff: http://www.livestrong.com/article/138653-what-are-major-
steps-recycling
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