SOUND

What is Sound?
a vibration that typically
propagates as an audible
wave of pressure, through a
transmission medium such as
a gas, liquid or solid.
LIGHT
 OBJECTIVES
• Demonstrate the existence of the color components of
visible light using a prism or diffraction grating

• Describe the hierarchy of colors in relation to energy

• Differentiate red as the least bent and violet the most

bent according to their wavelengths or frequencies
 VISIBLE LIGHT SPECTRUM
• The visible light spectrum is the section of the electromagnetic radiation
spectrum that is visible to the human eye.

• James Clerk Maxwell

• Scottish mathematician and physicist, discovered that the formation of
electromagnetic waves is due to the oscillation or vibration of electric and
magnetic fields.
Wavelength and Color Spectrum
Chart
• The wavelength (which is related to frequency and energy) of the light
determines the perceived color.
• Color is the frequency of visible light, and it ranges from 430 trillion
Hertz (which is red) to 750 trillion Hertz (which is violet).
How White Light is Split Into a
Rainbow of Colors
• White light is a mixture of different colors of light.

• Refraction
• the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another caused by
its change in speed.
• the bending of light (it also happens with sound, water and other waves) as it
passes from one transparent substance into another.
The amount of bending depends on
two things:
• Change in speed – if a substance causes the light to speed up or slow
down more, it will refract (bend) more.

• Angle of the incident ray – if the light is entering the substance at a

greater angle, the amount of refraction will also be more noticeable.
On the other hand, if the light is entering the new substance from
straight on (at 90° to the surface), the light will still slow down, but it
won’t change direction at all.
 HEAT
AND
TEMPERATURE
HEAT
• the energy that is transferred from one body to another due to temperature
difference.
• the total kinetic energy of all molecules.
• the energy in transit, moving from a body of a higher temperature to one of
lower temperature.
• Its measurement can be done in energy units, i.e. calorie or joules.
How would you distinguish heat
from temperature?
• Heat is the total enegy of all the molecular
motion inside an object, while temperature is
a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
vibrating molecules of the body.
What are the three types of Heat
Energy Transfer?
• Conduction: Heat transfer between molecules which are in direct
contact with each other, without the movement of particles.
• Convection: The transfer of heat that takes place due to the
movement of particles from one place to another is convection.
• Radiation: When the heat is transferred through a medium or
vacuum, wherein space in between, is not heated up.
POINTERS TO REVIEW
• SOUND AND LIGHT
• ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
• HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
• HEAT TRANSFER
• ELECTRICITY
• CURRENT AND CHARGE
• SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT
• SAFETY ELECTRICAL DEVICES
• WORK, POWER AND ENERGY
How are current and charge related?

• Current is the flow of charge through a

certain material. The amount of electrical
charge that moves in an electrical circuit
depends on the current flow and how
long it flow.
 CIRCUIT CONNECTION ADVANTAGES
Series  enables the addition of more
power devices like batteries and
dry cells, thus increases the force
of the load
 does not overheat easily
 all components connected carry
the same amount of current
Parallel  electrical appliances receives the
same amount of voltage as that of
the source
 allows for additional components
 when one component fails, the
other components are not
affected
DISADVANTAGES
 electrical appliances cannot be
turned off individually
 electrical appliances do not get
the sam amount of voltage as that
of the source
 the more components there are
in the circuit, the greater is the
resistance of the circuit
 requires the use of more wires
 has very complex design
 flow of current is split
ELECTRICAL
ENERGY AND
POWER
What is the difference between
electrical power and electrical
energy?
• Electrical power is the rate at which a certain
electrical device delivers electrical energy
expresses as electrical energy used over time.
Electrical energy can be obtained by
multiplying the electric power by time.