Introduction of Marine

Safety

Trika Pitana
Dept. of Marine Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS),
Surabaya
OUTLINES: Outline
• Outline of Lectures
• A Contract
• Definition
• Introduction
– Several Cases of Marine Accidents and
Control Measures
• Interested Parties (Actors in Shipping)
• Conclusions
 Outline
• Rules of the Game
• Introduction
– Several Cases of Marine Accidents
– Maritime Risk Picture
• Interested Parties (Actors in Shipping)
• Responsive Action
– International Regulation (SOLAS, MARPOL, COLREG etc)
• Remedial Action
– International Regulation (Fund, CLC, Bunker etc)
• Lesson Learnt
– Investigation
• Preventive Action
– Risk Assessment
– Formal Safety Assessement
– Marine Evacuation Assessment, etc
Outlines
 A Contract
• At least 80% of attending
• No Plagiarisms
• Allowance = 5 minutes for comming late
• Percentage for marking:
• Mid Test = 30%
• Final Test = 30%
• Assignments (twice) = 20% for each
 Safety vs Security

• maritime safety:protection against

accidents at sea that may be caused by
substandard ships, unqualified crew, or
operator error.”
• maritime security:protection against
terrorist attacks, sabotage, piracy, and
other security incidents
Mejia,M,
» (Mejia,M, Port
Port andMaritime
and Maritime
Security
Security Seminar,
Seminar, 2004
2004)
 The Great Marine Accident in the World

Exxon Valdez, 1989

Torrey Canyon, 1967
Oil Spill: 37,000 tonnes
119,000 tonnes of Kuwait crude oil
Consequences: Environment, beach
Consequences: Environment and Seabird and Seabird

Source:http://www.itopf.com/in-action-de/case-studies/
 The Great Marine Accident in
Indonesia

27 January 1981 (1442 persons) 11 January 2009

Victims: 431 persons dead Victims: 334 persons dead
(Weather Condition)

1948
Victims: All Crews dead
(Dangerous Goods, causing fire)
Source: http://www.beritaterkini.id/2015/08/04/3-kecelakaan-kapal-laut-terparah-
di-indonesia/
 Marine Accident in Indonesia

http://www.solopos.com/2012/0
9/27/knkt-janji-selesaikan-
penyidikan-tabrakan-kapal-
secepatnya-333317

Collision Case:
7 persons dead
 Control Measures
Year of Ship Name Organization Measure Entry
Accident into
force
1912 Titanic IMO SOLAS, 1929
1967 Torey IMO MARPOL 1973 1983
Canyon CLC 1969 1975
1989 Exxon IMO OPRC 1995
Valdez MARPOL 73/78 1995
(DOUBLE
HULL)
USA Oil Pollution Act 1990
(OPA) 90
etc
Note:
IMO : Intenartional Maritime Organization
OPRC : Oil Pollution Preparedness, Respones and
SOLAS : Safety of Life at Sea Cooperation
MARPOL : Marine Pollution CLC : Civil Liability Compensation
Source: Schroeder, J.J.(2003). Handout of Marine Casualty Investigation:
Technical Aspects
Maritime Risk Pictures
Maritime Risk Pictures
 What to look for in
Where to look
holds
What to look for

Cracks in welds or plates

Leaks in welds or plates
1. Side shell plating Distortion of plating

2. Connection of bulkhead
plating to side shell
Punctured plating
Cracked plating
Heavily indented plating
Buckled plating
Corrosion and wastage

Cracks
Corrosion and wastage
3. Connection of side shell Excessively deformed
frames and end frames or brackets
brackets to the shell Detached frames or
plating and hopper side brackets
tank plating by close-up
inspection

Cracks
4. Connection of side shell Corrosion and wastage
frames and end Excessively deformed
brackets to the shell frames or brackets
plating and topside tank Detached frames or
plating brackets
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7.
Strength of side shell web frames

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 Ship side structure

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 Unloading problems in Bulk
Carrier

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 Unloading problems in Bulk
Carrier

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 Hull girder buckling
If the bending moment get high
enough, or the steel is worn too
thin due to corrosion, the deck or
bottom may buckle across the
entire breadth of the ship. This is
a sudden failure mode, and may
lead to total loss of the ship.

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 Hull girder buckling - collaps
Thus, even though it’s not an “everyday problem”, perhaps 90% of
the calculation work behind a minimum thickness list, is to
safeguard against buckling of the hull girder.

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Maritime Risk Pictures
 Maritime Risk Picture

Jenis Kecelakaan Laut

Faktor Penyebab Kecelakaan Laut
Sumber:
diolah dari mahkamah pelayaran
diolah dari mahkamah pelayaran
2008
2008
 Maritime Risk Picture
1%
2%1% 16%
18%
29% Miscellaneous
Other 7% Hull/Machinery
Contact Missing
Stranded Foundered
Collision Fire/Explossion
54% 13%
Fire and Explosion 0% Grounding
Foundered Contact
23% 11% Collision
12%
13%
Percentage Distribution of Accident Types Serious ships Casualties, world fleet 1980-
leading to total loss, world fleet 2001 1989
Source: World Casualties Statistics, LR of (Source: Lloyd Register of Shipping, taken
Shipping from Kristiansen, S.(2005))
Kristiansen, S. (2005)
Main Causal Factor of Accident
The main causal factors of marine accident (Kristiasen, 2005) are
as follows:
• External Condition
– Weather, visual condition
• Functional Failure
– Failure of technical equipmen
• Less than adequate resources
– In adequate ergonomic condition
• Navigational Failure
– Maneuvering operation, poor of understanding of situation
• Neglect
– Human failure etc
• Other ships
– Influence made by other ship
 Causal Factors
• Flag Effect
• Age Effect
• Effect of Activity Level
 Who are actors in shipping,
influencing marine safety?
Cargo Owner
Ship Owner

Port State
Marine Safety
Management
(Actors in
Company Shipping) Insurer

Ship Builder
Classification
Flag State
Society
Problems for choosing Flags
Traditional Flags:
•Too stiffness regarding to ships manning
•Income tax are considered high
•The owner have to be citizen

Flag of Convenience/Flags of Necessity/ Shadow

Flag/Cheap Flag/Open Registry
•Flexibility for choosing crews nationality
•Register Fee and Annual Fee are based on Tonnage
•The owner could be the non-citizen
 Interested Parties
• Ship Builder
– Technical Standart of vessel
• Ship Owner
– Decide whether technical Standard will above minimum requirements
– Select crew
– Make decision regarding to safety policies
• Cargo Owner
– Pay the transport service and thereby also the quality and the safety of vessel operation
– May undertake the independence assessment of the quality of the shipper
• Insurer
– Take the main part of the risk on half of the shipper and cargo owner
• Classification Society
– Control Technical Standard on behalf of Insurer

• Management Company
– Responsible for crewing, operation and keep condition of the vessel on behalf of the ship owner
• Flag State
– Control of vessel, crew standards (STCW) and management standars (ISM Code) (Statutory
survey)
• Port Administration
– Responsible on Safety in Port and harbour approach
– May Control safety Standard of Vessels and in Extreme Case deny access for substandar vessel.
 Facts:
Why Safety Improvement
• Short Memory
is difficult
– Most people do not believe that
decreasing of marine accident is due to
successful of safety culture
• Focus on Consequences rather than
root causes.
• Complexity: Difficult to change people
behaviour
• Unwillingness to change
 Conclusions

1.More stringent of Regulation due

to Marine Accident
2.Actors in shipping
3.Principle of Flag State
 Review:
1. What is the impact of more stringent of
regulation in the marine safety aspect?
2. Who are actors in shipping contributing
marine accidents?
3. What is the Flag State (F.S)? And what are
the tasks of FS?
4. What is the Port State Control Officer (PSCO)?
And what are the tasks of PSCO?
5. What is Classification Society? And what are
the tasks of C.S?
6. What is the purpose of the marine insurance?
 References:

1. Kristiansen,S, (2005). Maritime Transportation Safety

Management and Risk Analysis.
2. http://www.itopf.com/in-action-de/case-studies/
3. http://www.beritaterkini.id/2015/08/04/3-kecelakaan-kapal-
laut-terparah-di-indonesia/
4. http://www.solopos.com/2012/09/27/knkt-janji-selesaikan-
penyidikan-tabrakan-kapal-secepatnya-333317
5. Schroeder, J.J.(2003). WMU’s Handout of Marine Casualty
Investigation: Technical Aspects
6. Mejia,M, Port and Maritime Security Seminar, 2004
7. Soares, G.C, Teixeira, A.P.(2001). Risk Assessment in
Maritime Transports, Journal of Reliability Engineering and
System Safety.
8. http://ecolocalizer.com/2009/05/01/the-exxon-valdez-oil-spill-
20-years-after-the-analysis/ retrieved 30 Agustus 2010