MUHAMAD FADLI

2012 – 41 – 010

AHMAD ZUL
2012 – 41 - 025
 SCENTIFIC RESEARCH
Scientists can be biologist, chemists, physicts, and
psychologists. They study many different things. No matter
what they study, scientists use the same steps when they
do research. This reading selection explains how scientists
do research.
Jean piaget was a famous psychologist. He studied
how children develop. He observed his how children. Jean
piaget used the steps scientist follow when they do
research. These steps are called the “scientific method”
The Scientific Method

Science is one way to get knowledge. It is way to find

out about nature. It uses certain procedure to answer
questions. These procedures are called the Scientific Method. In
science, any theory must have proof to support it.

A theory is a statement about how nature works. For

example, there is a theory of evolution. This theory says
animals changed and developed over many years. Scientists
use observations and experiments. These help them to develop
theories.
 Scientists use the scientific method. One of the steps in the
scientific method is to make a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a statement
that make a guess about what is true or not. Then scientists do
experiments or make observations to find out if their hypothesis is true
or not. Here are the steps in the scientific method.
Ask a Questions
Questions may come from experince, theory, or common
beliefs

Form a Hypothesis
Make a statement that answer the question

Test the Hypothesis

1. Chose the type of experiment
2. Observe and collect information
3. Organize information

Analyze the data and draw a conclusion

Decide if the data proves the hypothesis is true or false

If false
If true
Restate the hypothesis or
Repeat the experiment
redesign the experiment
What are Paradigms ?
A paradigm is a particular way of looking at the world.
For example, some scientists believe that they must
understand the whole brain. Others believe that they must
understand how the parts of the brain connect with each
other. A scientists who has the first paradigm will carefully
study each part of the brain individually. A scientists who has
the second paradigm will focus in connections between the
parts

Where Do Theories Come From ?

scientist create theories by studying many examples.
They repeat experiments many times. They want to get the
same result each time . Scientists look for things these examples
have in common. This is called inductive reasoning. Inductive
reasoning means studying many examples to create a theory
How Are Theories Used ?

Once scientists have a theory, they can test it. For

example, the biologist could test his theory that
microscopic animals like warm water. He could keep
samples of lake water a different temperatures. Then he
could measure the number of animals in the water.
When scientist test a theory like this it is called
deductive reasoning. In deductive reasoning you start
from a theory or general statement and see if the
examples fit the theory