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STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
MATERIAL
DESIGN LOADS
Dead load (DL): Comprising of self-weight of the raft and the dead load of all the
structural components of structure. Dead weight of floor finish at each floor is considered as
0.1 t/m2 and is applied as uniformly distributed load. Dead weight of roof finish at roof is
considered as 0.25 t/m2 and is applied as uniformly distributed load. Dead weight of brick
wall at each floor except ground floor is considered as 2.0 t/m3 and is applied along the
perimeter of each floor except ground floor.
Live Load (LL): Live load of 0.4 t/m2 is applied as uniformly distributed load on each
floor, i.e. on slab at each floor and raft top
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATION
DESIGN LOADS
Uplift Water Pressure (UL): Uplift water pressure of 6 t/m2 is applied as uniformly
distributed load at the bottom of raft and Uplift water pressure of 7.5 t/m2 is applied as
linearly varying load at the basement wall.
Earthquake load (EL): According to IS 1893(Part 1): 2002 the Base Shear Force was
calculated as show below:-
Zone Factor, Z=0.24 (for Zone IV from table 2)
Importance Factor, I=1.5 (from table 6)
Response Reduction Factor, R=4.0 (from table 7, case no :-(ix))
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATION
DESIGN LOADS
DESIGN LOADS
Base shear forces were multiplied by a factor of 2 to get the sufficient lift-off for comparative
study of different rock anchors. The seismic forces thus obtained are distributed across 4
columns at each floor. Hence, Seismic Forces (in tonnes) at each column in both horizontal
orthogonal directions is: -
1.0 ELx 0.4 ELy
@ Raft = 0.0 0.0
@ 1st floor = 7.626122 3.0504491
@ 2nd floor = 26.426770 10.5707081
@ 3rd floor = 59.460233 23.7840932
@ 4th floor = 105.707081 42.2828324
@ 5th floor = 111.500190 44.6000759
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATION
DESIGN LOADS
The seismic forces thus obtained have been applied to the building as equivalent static load at
appropriate locations along the height of building.
LOAD COMBINATIONS
For raft without any rock anchor system and with passive rock anchor system a load
combination for worst possible condition is given by: -
Load combination (LC-1) - DL+UL+1.0 ELx + 0.4 ELy
For raft with active rock anchor system a load combination for worst possible condition is
given by: -
Load combination (LC-2) - DL+UL+1.0 ELx + 0.4 ELy +RAL
Thus analysis of raft has been carried for above load combination.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
Modeling of Building
3-D Finite element model of the building including the raft has been developed using
commercially available general-purpose software NISA. The finite element model of the
building including the raft is developed using the following types of element:
(i) 3-D General Shell Element is used to model raft, floors, shear wall and basement wall.
(ii) 3-D Beam Element is used to model the beams and columns.
(iii) 3-D General Spring Element is used to model foundation stiffness.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
APPLICATION OF LOADS
Dead load of the structure is computed by NISA software based on the unit weight of the
concrete.
Uplift water pressure is applied as upward pressure on the raft and also on the basement
wall as lateral pressure.
Dead weight of brick wall is applied as concentrated load of 3.45 t on each node along the
perimeter of each floor except ground floor (i.e., raft). Dead weight of floor finish at each
floor is considered as 0.1 t/m2 and is applied as uniformly distributed load on raft and all slab
excluding topmost slab. Dead weight of roof finish at roof is considered as 0.25 t/m2 and is
applied as uniformly distributed load at topmost slab.
Seismic forces are applied at column on each floor (except raft).
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
From Table-2 it can be clearly seen that maximum design bending moments are always
greatest for active rock anchor systems while for passive rock anchor system it is the least. By
reducing stiffness of soil spring maximum design bending moments got increased.
Displacement contours showing the lift-off of raft in various cases are shown in slide 34 to 42.
The variations of MXX and MYY along the diagonal of raft are shown in slide 43 to 60.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
There are some major differences in active and passive rock anchor system.
Active rock anchor are always in stressed condition due to mobilization of prestress force
even in absence of any uplift of raft.
While passive rock anchor takes up load as soon as any uplift in raft occurs due to
earthquake load or seasonal buoyancy.
There exists a possibility of leakage of ground water up to top of raft while using active
rock anchor system as it needs to be anchored on the top of raft, because prestressing of
the cable is done after the construction of the whole raft.
While chances of leakage of ground water reduces when using passive rock anchor system
as passive rock anchor can be embedded up to first pour itself.
Passive rock anchor system is more effective than active rock anchor system in ensuring
stability of structures and limiting the lift-off (loss of contact) under earthquake load situation,
as passive rock anchors can be distributed uniformly over the entire raft area in a
rectangular grid pattern while active rock anchor are best effective when distributed along
the periphery of raft.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
Passive rock anchors are best alternative of active rock anchors due to following reasons: -
the lift-off (loss of contact) is limited to great extent by passive rock compared to active rock
anchors
Chances of leakage of ground water reduced as passive rock anchors can be embedded in
first pour itself.
Bearing pressure below the raft is reduced
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE
The observation and conclusion drawn from this study is specific to the structural system
adopted. For general conclusion in this aspect there is a need to extend this work to other
different types of structural system.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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