MATRICES

Lecture 4-5
 MATRIX
•Definition
• Matrix notation
•Identical matrix
• Matrix Addition and substraction
• matrix multiplication
• Matrix transpose
• Special matrix
• Square matrix (Determinants)
• Square matrix inverse
• Solution set of linear equation
•Eigen value and vector – Eigen
 Matrices - definition
 Matrix is set of real or complex numbers (or elements) arranged in rows
and column to form a rectangular array.
 A matrix having m rows and n column is called an m x n matrix.
 Matrix is an array of numbers with dimensions m (rows) by n (columns)
 e.g
is a 2 x 3 matrix, where 5, 7, 2, 6, 3, 8 is the elements

of the matrix

Note: in describing the matrix, the number of rows is stated first, and the
number of columns second.
Is a matrix of order 4 x 3
 MATRIX NOTATIONS

Matrix can be denoted by a single general element

enclosed in brackets, or by a single letter printed in
bold type. For example:
 EQUAL MATRIX
 Equal matrix are said to be equal if corresponding elements
throughout are equal.
 The two matrices have to also be of the same order
 If

 then a11 = 4; a12 = 6; a13 = 5; a21 = 2; a22 = 3; and a23 = 7

 Therefore, if (aij) = (xij) then aij = xij for all values of i and j
 EQUAL MATRIX
 If

 Then a = 5; e = 2; k = 8 etc.
ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF
MATRICES

To be added and substracted, two matrices have to be of

the same order.
The sum or difference is determined by adding or
substracting corresponding elements
 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
 1. Scalar
multiplication
 To multiply a matrix by a single number ( i.e. scalar) ,
each individual elements is multiplied by that factor

 In general k(aij) = (kaij)

 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
 2. Multiplication two matrices
Two matrices can be multiplied together only when the
number of columns in the first is equal to the number of rows in
the second
e.g.

then
 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
 Example
 TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX
If the rows or columns of matrix are interchanged, such as:
the first row become the first column
the second row become the second column
the third row become the third column etc.
The new matrix is called the transpose of the original matrix
The original matrix denoted by A, and the transpose denoted
by Ᾰ or AT
 TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX
 There is given that:

 AxB=

 (AB)T =
 SPECIAL MATRICES
1. Square matrix is a matrix of order m x m

 A square matrix (aij) is symmetric if aij = aji . Eg

 It is symmetrically about the leading diagonal

 Note that A = AT
 SPECIAL MATRICES
 A square matrix aij is skew-symmetric if aij = - aji .,
eg

in this case A = - AT
 SPECIAL MATRICES
2. A diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all element zero
except those on the leading diagonal . Thus

3. Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which the elements on the

leading diagonal are all unity, such as

The unit matrix is denoted by I

 SPECIAL MATRICES

 Then A.I = =A
 SPECIAL MATRICES
 Similarly
 SPECIAL MATRICES
4. Null matrix : is one whose elements are all zero

And is denoted by 0
if A.B = 0, it cannot be said that A = 0 or B = 0

for instance …..

SPECIAL MATRICES
 DETERMINANTS OF A SQUARE
MATRIX
 The determinants of a square matrix is the determinants having
the same elements as those of the matrix
for example: the determinants of is

and the value of the determinants is 5(42-12) – 2(0-24) + 1(0-48)

= 5(30) – 2(-24) + 1 (-48)
= 150 + 48 – 48
= 150
 DETERMINANTS OF A SQUARE
MATRIX
 The transpose of matrix is and the determinants of

the transpose of the matrix is the value of its

= 5(42-12) – 0(14-4) + 8(6-6)

= 5(30) – 0(10) + 8(0)
= 150
 DETERMINANTS OF A SQUARE
MATRIX
 The determinant value of a square matrix has the same value of
its transpose matrix
 A matrix whose determinant is zero is called singular matrix.
 Problem
1. The value determinant of the matrix is …..

2. the determinant value of the diagonal matrix

is ……
 COFACTOR
 If A = (aij) is a square matrix, form of the determinant of its
elements each element gives rise a cofactor,
which is simply the minor of the
element in the determinant with it
place sign describe previous.

the determinant of matrix A = is det

which has a value of 45

 COFACTOR
 The minor element 2 is

the place sign is +, so the cofactor of the element 2 is + (-24)

= - 24
similarly the minor element 3 is

the place sign is -, so the cofactor of the element 3 is – (-6) = 6

 the appropriate place sign is
 COFACTOR
 Problem
cofactor of element 3 and 4 of a matrix
 ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
 A square matrix and its determinant

det. From its, it can form a new matrix

C of the cofactor:
where Aij is the cofactor of aij
i.e. A11 is cofactor of a11
ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
 ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
 The matrix of cofactor C =

 The transpose of C, i.e CT =

 This is called the adjoint of the original matrix A and written

adj. A
 ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
 Therefore, the step of finding the adjoint of square matrix A, as
follow:
1. forming the matrix C of cofactor
2. write the transpose of C, i.e CT

 Problem: adjoint of matrix A = is ……

 INVERSE OF SQUARE MATRIX
 Adjoint form of square matrix is important, it can be used to
built the inverse of the matrix.
 Each elements of the adjoint matrix A is divided by the value
of determinant A, i.e. ǀAǀ (provided ǀAǀ ≠ 0)
 The resulting matrix is called the inverse of the matrix A,
and denoted by A-1
 There is a Matrix A =
 INVERSE OF SQUARE MATRIX

 det. A = ǀAǀ = = 2 (-24) – 3(-6) + 5(15)

= -48 + 18 + 75 = 45

 The matrix cofactor C =

 The adjoint of A, i.e. CT =

 INVERSE OF SQUARE MATRIX
 The inverse matrix A is given by
 INVERSE OF SQUARE MATRIX
The step of inverse forming:
1. Calculate the determinant A
2. Form a matrix C of the cofactors of the elements
of ǀAǀ
3. Rite the transpose of C, i.e. CT, to obtain the
adjoint of A
4. Devide of elements of CT by ǀAǀ
5. The resulting if matrix inverse of the original
matrix A
 INVERSE OF SQUARE MATRIX
 Problem
 Find the inverse of matrix A =
 SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
 Consider a set of linear equations:

 These can be written as matrix notation as follow:

SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
 SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
 If multiplied both side of the matrix equation by the inverse of
A, we have:
A-1.A.x = A-1.b where A-1.A = I

so I. x = A-1.b
x = A-1.b
 SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
 Example: to solve a set of equations:

 First write a set of equation in the matrix form:

 A.x = b x = A-1.b
SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
 SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
 Gaussian elimination methods for solving a set of
linear equation

 if write the column matrix b within the matrix A, it

obtain the augmented matrix B of the given set of
equation as follow:
 SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION

a. hen eliminate the elements other than a11 from the first
column by substracting a21/a11 time the first row from the
second row a31/a11 time the first row from the third row, etc.
b. The new matrix given:
 SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION

 This process repeated to eliminate c12 from the third and

subsequent row
 SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
 Example: solve a set of equation,

 It can be written:

 The augmented matrix:

 SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
 Now substract 2/1 times the first row from the second row and
3/1 times the first row from the third row, this gives

 Then subtract -4/-5 times the second row from the third row,
the matrix become:
 SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
 The result of this step, the matrix of coefficient of x has been
reduced to a triangular matrix
 Finally, the right-hand column back to its original position:

 By “ back-substitution” , starting from the bottom row, we get:

SOLUTION OF A SET OF LINEAR
EQUATION
 EIGENVALUES & EIGENVECTORS
 In many application of matrices to technological problems
involving coupled oscillations and vibrations, equation of the
form:
A.x = λx
where A = (aij) is a square matrix and λ is a number (scalar).
if x = 0, is a solution of values of λ and is not normally
useful. x ≠ 0, the values of λ is called Eigenvalues,
characteristic values , or latent roots of the matrix A and
corresponding solution of the given equation A.x = λx is
called Eigenvectors or characteristics vector of A
 EIGENVALUES & EIGENVECTORS
 Expressed as a set of separate equation, such as”
 EIGENVALUES & EIGENVECTORS
 Then, the right hand is moved to left hand

 So A.x = λ.x A.x – λ.x = 0 or (A – λ) x = 0

 ,
 EIGENVALUES & EIGENVECTORS

 Note that the unit matrix is introduced since it can substract on a

matrix from another matrix
 A set of homogeneous linear equation (right hand constants all
zero), to have a non-trivial solution, ǀA – λ.Iǀ have to be zero

ǀA – λ.Iǀ is called is called the characteristic of determinant A and ,

ǀA – λ.Iǀ = 0 is the characteristic equation
 EIGENVALUES & EIGENVECTORS
 Example: Find out the Eigenvalues of the matrix A =

 ǀA – λ.Iǀ ǀA – λ.Iǀ = 0
 Characteristic of determinant A =

 Characteristic equations : ǀA – λ.Iǀ = 0

 EIGENVALUES & EIGENVECTORS
 Example : find the Eigenalues of Matrix A =

 The characteristic determinant A is



 Expanding it gets:
 EIGENVALUES & EIGENVECTORS
 characteristic equation : (1 + λ)(1 – λ)2 = 0,
λ = -1, 1, 1
λ1 = - 1; λ2 = - 1; λ3 = - 1

Problem: Find Eigenvalues of matrix A =

 EIGENVALUES & EIGENVECTORS
 EIGENVECTORS: each eigenvalues obtained have
corresponding to it solution of x called an eigenvector
 In matrices vector indicates as row matrix or column matrix
 Example : consider the equation A.x = λx where A =

 The characteristic equation is


 EIGENVALUES & EIGENVECTORS
 For λ1 the equation A.x = λx becomes:

4 x1 + 1 x2 = x1
3 x1 + 2 x2 = x2
Then x2 = -3 x1
This result that is x2 is = - 2 times x1, therefore eigenvector of
x1 is in general form is infinite numbers of eigenvector

The simplest eigenvector of x1 of those problem is

 EIGENVALUES & EIGENVECTORS
 For λ2 = 5

 Therefore x1 = is an eigenvector corresponding to λ1 = 1

 x2 = is an eigenvector corresponding to λ2 = 5
 EIGENVALUES & EIGENVECTORS
 Problem : Determine of eigenvalues and an eigenvactors for the
equation of A.x = λx where
 A=