• Tides in the sea are produced due to the gravitational

attraction of moon and sun upon the rotating earth.

Rise and fall of tides occur twice a day.

The highest level of tidal water is called high tide or

flood tide whereas the lowest level of tidal water is
called low tide or ebb tide. The level difference
between high and low tides is called tidal range.

The tidal range is time, season and location dependent.

The maximum tidal range takes place at the time of
new and full moon known as spring tides. Availability
of 5 m tidal range or above in particular location can
be used to operate a hydraulic turbine.
• Tidal Energy Working Principle
In tidal power plants, the water during high tides is first
collected in an artificial basin and it is released during the
period of low tides. The water while escaping is used to
spin a hydraulic turbine connected to a generator.
The three main components of a tidal power plant are:
• powerhouse,
• dam to form the basin,
• sluiceways from the basin to sea and vice versa.
The function of the dam is to create an obstacle between
sea and the basin. The sluiceways are used to either fill the
basin during high tide or empty the basin during the low
tide.
Single basin Tidal Plants
 OVERVIEW
•Biomass is a renewable energy source that is
derived from living or recently living organisms.
•Biomass includes biological material, not organic
material like coal.
•Energy derived from biomass is mostly used to
generate electricity or to produce heat.
•Thermal energy is extracted by means of
combustion, torrefaction, pyrolysis, and
gasification.
•Biomass can be chemically and biochemically
treated to convert it to a energy-rich fuel.
http://www.coralre
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/storage/images/media/gallery/te
chnical_illustrations/gasification_il
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 Biomass
• It is an organic matter from plants, animals
and micro- organism grown on land and water
and their derivatives. the energy obtained
from biomass is called as biomass energy.
 Biomass Resources
• Municipal solid, sewage wood products
Concentrated
waste • Industrial waste, manure at large lots

• Crop residue, logging residue, disposed

Dispersed
waste residue
manure

• Standing biomass
Harvested
biomass • Biomass energy plantation
Biomass Conversion Process

Densification

Combustion
Biochemical
&
conversion
Incineration

Thermo-
chemical
conversion
Densification-bulky biomass is reduced to a better volume- to weight ratio
by compressing in die at a high temp. and pressure. The biomass pressed
into briquettes(a block of compressed coal dust or peat used as fuel.) it
can be used as clean fuel in chullas, bakeris, hotels

Combustion- process of burning in presence of oxygen- heat

• Higher moisture content … difficult to combustion
• Very inefficeint with heat losses
• Incineration- it is process of burning completely the solid masses to ashes
by high temp. oxidation.
• Pyrolysis-all waste can be dried and burnt to provide heat converted into
low calorific value by pyrolysis

Thermochemical Conversion- process of decompose biomass with various

combinations of temp. and pressure
• Gasification-process of heating biomass with limited oxygen to produce low
heating value
• Liquification- biomass can be liquify by methanol synthesis.
Bichemical conversion-
• Anaerobic digestion
• Fermentation
 Anaerobic digestion
 This process involves microbial digestion of
biomass and is done in the absence of oxygen.
 Anaerobe is a microscopic organism that can live
and grow without external oxygen or air.
 It extracts oxygen by decomposing the biomass at
low temp. upto 65C in presence of moisture.
 This process generates mostly methane and CO2
gas with small impurities. Such as hydrogen
sulphide.
 Aerobic digestion decomposion
The process is done in presence of oxygen and
it produces CO2,NH3 and some other gases in
small quantity and large quantity of heat.
The final bi-product of this process can be
used as fertilizer.
 Fermentation
• It is process of decomposition of organic
matter by micro- organism specially bacteria
and yeast.
 Anaerobic digestion system
(Biogas technology)
• On black board
 Advantage of Anaerobic digestion
1. Biogas which is by-product
2. Low nutrient requirement
3. Low odour
4. Reduction of pathogens
5. Stable sludges
6. New sludge production
7. low running cost
 Advantages of biogas production
1. Gas production is cheap
2. Less pollution
3. Waste material can be used as fertilizer
4. Gas is used for cooking, lighting and fuel
 Factors affecting generation of biogas
1. Temp.
2. Loading rate
3. Solid concentration
4. pH value
5. Retention period
6. Toxic substance
7. Nutrient concentration
Biogas generation
Advantage of Biomass energy
 Disadvantages of biomass
• When biomass combusted for energy then it
contributes directly to global warming
• Expensive source to produce and convert
• On small scale, there is energy loss.
• Collection of biomass takes more time
• require more land for generation