LECTURE 2

JOB SAFETY
ANALYSIS & HIRARC

•Classes of Hazards
•Get Analysis
•Job Safety Analysis
•Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
•Hierarchy of Control
 "Dan sesiapa yang bertaqwa kepada Allah, nescaya Allah
akan mengadakan baginya jalan keluar (dari segala
perkara yang menyusahkannya), serta memberinya rezeki
dari jalan yang tidak terlintas di hatinya. Dan
(Ingatlah), sesiapa berserah diri bulat-bulat kepada
Allah, maka Allah cukuplah baginya (untuk menolong dan
menyelamatkannya). Sesungguhnya Allah tetap melakukan
segala perkara yang dikehendakiNya. Allah telahpun
menentukan kadar dan masa bagi berlakunya tiap-tiap
sesuatu." - Surah At-Talaq: 2-3
(Masyhur dengan panggilan ayat Seribu Dinar).
Identify classes of hazard

Describe Get analyses, Job Safety

Analysis (JSA), HIRARC

Perform a simple Hazard Identification

and Risk Asssessment

List and differentiate the Hierarchy Of

Prevention Control
 Hazard: Risk:
anything that can caused probability of
harm hazard being done

Risk Management:
Risk Assessment:
Evaluating the a decision making
severity/consequences process which is based
and possibility/chance upon certain factual
information and findings.
 How would you list the Process of Risk
Management?
 List the The Process of Risk Management.
 THE 6-STEP RISK THE PROCESS OF RISK
MANAGEMENT PROCESS MANAGEMENT

Start

Classify Activities
1. Identify (Work, Product, Services, Activities)
6. Supervise the
and Review Hazards
Identify Hazards

2. Assess
5. Risk Control the Risks Determine Risk*/Impact
Implementation

Decide if Risk is Tolerable

4. Make 3. Analyze Decide if Impact is Significant
Control Risk Control
Decisions Measures
Prepare Risk Control Action Plan

Review Adequacy of Action Plan

THE PROCESS OF RISK THE 6-STEP RISK
MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT PROCESS

Start

Classify Activities 1. Identify

(Work, Product, Services, Activities) 6. Supervise the
and Review Hazards
Identify Hazards
2. Assess
5. Risk Control the Risks
Determine Risk*/Impact Implementation

Decide if Risk is Tolerable 3. Analyze

Decide if Impact is Significant 4. Make
Control Risk Control
Decisions Measures
Prepare Risk Control Action Plan

Review Adequacy of Action Plan

*Risk = Harm X Likelihood

is anything that has

the potential to cause HARM

to people, asset, environment

and reputation.
Hazard by itself
cannot produce
harm or danger
unless we are
EXPOSED to the EXPOSURE is the
hazard main mechanism
or pathway that
release the dangers
from hazard source
RISK:
Is the chance or probability
of harm actually being done

= Hazard x Exposure

= Consequences x Probability
DANGER:

Is the relative exposure

to hazard

It shows the magnitude (size)

of the hazard and the risk
 Hazards is anything that has
Hazard is originated potential to cause HARM or
from Arabic -AZZAHR, DANGER to people/human’s
means chance, luck. health and safety,
asset/property, environment
and reputation.

Two groups of Hazard: HAZARDS can be

a. Safety Hazard and a. Continuous (inherited in the
system) or
b. Health Hazard
b. Non-Continuous (due to system
failure).
 1. Obvious Hazards:
which is apparent to the senses
2. Concealed Hazards:
which is not-apparent to the senses

3. Developing Hazards:
which cannot be recognised immediately but
will develop over time

4. Transient Hazards:
which is intermittent or temporary hazards
Health Biological Chemical
agent / agent /
hazards hazards hazards

Physical Psychosocial
Ergonomics
Agent / / Pyscological
hazards
hazards hazards
 Viruses
 Bacteria
 Fungus
 Insects
 Rodents
 Animals
 Etc.
Smoke Detergent
Dust Glues
Vapour Insecticides
Fumes Paint
Thinner Heavy metals
Organic Solvent
Cleansing agent etc.
 Manual handling
 Computer work
 Workspace
 Work layout
 Task design
 Etc.
 Fit the task to the man
Electrical Space
Slippery floor Vent
Uneven surfaces Machines
Holes Tools
Noise Fire
Heat Radiation
Pressure Vibration
 Sexual harassment
 Gender issues
 Socialization
 Stress, shift work
 Financial burden
 Marital problems
 Family problems
 Safety Mechanical /
Height/Gravity
machinery
Hazards

Electrical Fire/ Explosion Violence

Confine Space
 Get
Analysis
There are 3 (GA)

traditional Job Safety

OR basic Analysis (JSA) Hazard
Identifica
hazard tion, Risk
analysis Assessme
nt and
Risk
Control
(HIRARC)
 Preliminary Hazards Analysis (PHA)
 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
 Failure Modes and Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
 Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP)
 Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
 Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis
 Operating and Support Hazard Analysis
 System/subsystem Hazard Analysis
 Hazard Evaluation
 Human Reliability Analysis (HRA).
Physical inspection Accident Reports

Audit Report
Document reviews

Law review
Exposure Monitoring Reports
OSH Publications
Biological / Medical Surveillance
Report
Inspection worksheet

Workers knowledge & experiences

Contact/ Industry/ Association

Brain Storming Ask “5 W”

A physical examination of the workplace
requires;
• an inquiring mind,
• lateral thinking, and
• the ability to be and remain open minded.
• Reports of accidents, accident investigation
and audits
• Information from publications
– Regulations and Codes of Practice
– Statistics
– Handbooks, etc.
– CSDS (MSDS).
– Excessive noise
– Excessive heat
– Inadequate ventilation
– Radiation exposure
– Excessive air contaminants
– Ergonomic hazards
– Substance is used in workplace
– Substance is hazardous
– Evidence or reason to suspect injury
– Atmospheric monitoring insufficient
– Techniques available
– Will benefit those at risk
 Employees Requiring Health Surveillance and
are exposed to hazard for which there is:
 (i) identifiable health effect/disease
 (ii) likelihood that it could occur
 (iii) valid techniques for detecting effect
 (iv) valid biological monitoring method
and reason to believe values might be
exceeded.
• This is a process of conducting group
meetings with people who are familiar
with the operation of the area under
review, recording all ideas and
thoughts relating to possible hazards
and then sorting the results into some
sort of priority order.
• Employees should be encouraged
to report any hazards they are
aware of.
• Location
• Machine
• Person
• Age of Person
• Time of Day
• Day of Week
• Part of Body
• Severity of Injury
• Occupation
These publications can be of particular
benefit as they concentrate on
reporting issues relating to safety and
health
A counter-part in another subsidiary of the
company or even a contact in a competitive
company could be a good source of
information as they probably share similar
safety problems.
Safety and health is often brought up at
industry association meetings or during
informal discussions before or after meetings.
Its important to try to anticipate how human
behaviour, equipment, and system failures could
combine to create a hazardous
situation.
Constantly ask yourself "What if?...."
• Checklist and inspection worksheet (standard
approach and record).
• Safety Audit Worksheet. (Involve supervisors,
managers and employees)
 Is an accident
prevention a. Identify the hazard
associated with each
technique which stage of a job
seeks to;

b. Develop precautions c. Provide a safe work

that will eliminate or procedure to be used in job
guard against these training or the development
hazard of a safe system of work.
A briefing guide
Teaching aid for As standard for
for infrequent
initial job training safety inspections
jobs

To assist in
Formulation of a
completing
safe work
accident
procedure
investigation
 LIST THE KEY ELEMENTS IN JOB SAFETY
ANALYSIS (JSA)

1. Select the type / scope of the job.

2. Break each main action or steps from the start / beginning till
the completion of the job.

3. Use action ‘verb’ used to in each step to describe the job.

4. Normally the job is described in less than 10 steps.

5. List all the possibility of things that can go wrong or causing

harm or injuries.
 Explain the basic procedures for conducting a Job Safety Analysis.
 Construct a risk matrix table with the correct labels for each cells and risk
numbers. Calculate the risk values.
 List the instructions or procedures for conducting a Job Safety Analysis as
given in your Assignment One last month.
 Draw a risk matrix table of four rows and columns and correctly name
and label all columns and rows with the highest value of 40 and lowest
value of 10 respectively. Enter the correct risk value for each cells.
 Construct a risk matrix table with the correct labels and risk number.
 Construct and label a Multiple Risk Entry Assessment form (MREA).
 An instrument to identify hazard, analyze and assess its
associated risk and then apply the suitable control measures

HIRARC

C = CONTROLS. H = HAZARD

R = RISK I = IDENTIFICATION

A = ASSESSMENT R = RISK
• Risk is the combination of the likelihood and
severity of a specified hazardous event
occurring.
• In mathematical term, risk can be calculated
by the equation:

RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY

• Likelihood is an event likely to occur within
the specific period or circumstances
• Severity is outcome from an event
• eg. of outcomes:
• severity of injury or
• health of people, or
• damage to property, or
• insult to environment, or
• any combination of those caused by the event.
I. classify work activities
II. identify hazard
III. identify the risk
IV. conduct risk controls
V. identify likelihood /probability of occurrence,
VI. identify severity / consequence of hazard;
VII. decide risk score/ risk level
VIII. rank the risk according to the score
IX. identification of control measures
X. construct the safety work procedures.
Colleting information using the Get Analysis:
i. any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;
ii. first aid records and minor injury records;
iii. work place health protection programs;
iv. any results of work place inspections;
v. any employee complaints and comments;
vi. any government or employer reports, studies and tests
concerning the health and safety of employees;
vii. any reports made under the regulation of Occupational Safety
and Health
Act,1994
viii. the record of hazardous substances; and
ix. any other relevant information.
 Is about asking the question “How many times
has this event happened in the past?”
 Assessing likelihood is based worker experience,
analysis or measurement.
 Likelihood levels range from “most likely” to
“inconceivable.
 Very Likely -- Could happen frequently
 Likely -- Could happen occasionally
 Unlikely -- Could happen, but only rarely
 Highly Unlikely -- Could happen but probably never
will

Very Rare -- Once per year or less

Rare -- A few times per year
Unusual -- Once per month
Occasional -- Once per week
Frequent -- Daily
Continuous -- Constant
 Severity can be divided into four or five
categories. Severity are based upon an
increasing level of severity to;
 an individual’s health,
 the environment, or
 to property.
 MAJOR INJURIES— MINOR INJURIES—
Normally irreversible Typically a reversible NEGLIGIBLE
injury or damage to injury or damage to INJURIES— Would
health requiring health needing several require first aid and may
FATAL—Death extended time off work days away from work to need the remainder of
to effect best recovery. recover. Recovery would the work period or shift
be full and permanent. off before being able to
return to work.
The HAZARD CONSEQUENCES/HARM can be rated as:

1 - Slight Health Effects : Not affecting work performance or causing disability

2 - Minor Health Effects : Hazards capable to cause minor health effects which are
REVERSIBLE for instance: Irritant Chemical

3 - Major Health Effects : Hazards capable of causing IRREVERSIBLE health damage without loss
of life. Examples: Noise which can cause Hearing loss and impairment

4 - PERMANENT TOTAL DISABILITY or One to 3 Fatalities : Hazards capable of causing

IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE with SERIOUS disability or Death. Examples : Corrosive chemicals,
Psychological Stress, Carcinogens
5 - Multiple FATALITIES : Hazard that has potential to cause multiple fatalities. Example:
Chemicals with Acute Toxic Effects - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
 Risk can be presented in variety of ways.
 Risk analysis uses likelihood and severity in
qualitative method, presenting its result in a
risk matrix
 Risk can be calculated using the following
formula:

Relative Risk = L x S
where L = Likelihood S = Severity
• To use this matrix, first find the severity
column that best describes the outcome of
risk.
• Then follow the likelihood row to find the
description that best suits the likelihood that
the severity will occur. The risk level is given in
the box where the row and column meet.
• The relative risk value can be used to
prioritize necessary actions to effectively
manage work place hazards.
 Classification of Risk Level

4 Risk Level:
1. Extremely High Mishap Probability
2. High Risk Frequent Likely Occasional Seldom Unlikely
3. Medium Risk
4 Low Risk A B C D E
S I
E
Catastrophic Extremely
V
E
Critical II High High
R
I Moderate III Medium
T
Y Negligible IV Low

Risk Levels
 Probability/likelihood
Severity/Consequences

Highly Very Less

Likely Unlikely
likely likely Likely

Value 5 4 3 2 1
Fatal 25 20 15 10 5
5
Major 20 16 12 8 4
4
Minor 15 12 9 6 3
3
Near Miss 10 8 6 4 2
2
25 20 15 10 5

20 16 12 8 4

15 12 9 6 3

10 8 6 4 2

4 Risk Level:
1. Extremely High = 20 to 25
2. High Risk= 12 to 16
3. Medium Risk = 8 to 10
4 Low Risk = 2 to 6
 Multi Entry Risk Assessment Form
(MERA Form)

Activities/
Current Action &
process/ Legal
Hazard Effect Risk Risk Recommend
facilities/ Reqmnt
Control ation
equipments

Risk
Sev Prob
Rating
Definition:
• Control is the elimination or
inactivation of a hazard
• the hazard does not pose a risk to
workers who have
• to enter into an area or work
• on equipment
1. Elimination - Getting rid of a
hazardous job, tool, process, machine or
substance is perhaps the best way of
protecting workers. For example, a salvage
firm might decide to stop buying and cutting
up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to explosion
hazards.
2. Substitution - Sometimes doing the
same work in a less hazardous way is
possible. For example, a hazardous chemical
can be replaced with a less hazardous one.
Controls must protect workers from any new
hazards that are created.
a. Redesign - Jobs and processes can be reworked to
make them safer. For example, containers can be
made easier to hold and lift.
b. Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or
replaced, it can some times be isolated, contained or
otherwise kept away from workers. For example, an
insulated and air-conditioned control room can
protect operators from a toxic chemical.
c. Automation - Dangerous processes can be
automated or mechanized. For example, computer-
controlled robots can handle spot welding operations
d. Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches
workers. For example, special curtains can prevent
eye injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper
equipment guarding will protect workers from con
tacting moving parts.
e. Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise.
Lockout systems can isolate energy sources during
repair and maintenance. Usually, the further a control
keeps a hazard away from workers, the more effective
it is.
f. Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or
dissipated. For example, ventilation systems can
dilute toxic gasses before they reach operators.
a. Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use
standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to
ensure that workers follow these practices. Work procedures must
be periodically reviewed with workers and updated.
b. Supervision and training – Initial training on safe work
procedures and refresher training should be offered. Appropriate
supervision to assist workers in identifying possible hazards and
evaluating work procedures.
c. Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that
workers are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can be
rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle
movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy
processes can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace.
d. Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs -
Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill
cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to
cause injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
e. Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic
materials being absorbed by workers or carried home to
their families. Street clothing should be kept in separate
lockers to avoid being contaminated by work clothing.
Eating areas must be segregated from toxic hazards.
Eating should be forbidden in toxic work areas. Where
applicable, workers should be required to shower and
change clothes at the end of the shift.
 PPE refers to protective clothing,
helmets, goggles, or other garments or
equipment designed to protect the
wearer's body from injury or infection:
head, eyes, ears, fingers, foot, limb, body

The hazards addressed by

protective equipment include
physical, electrical, heat, chemicals,
biohazards, and airborne
particulate matter.
 Safe Work
A Safe Work
Procedures are
Procedure
step by step
identifies the
instructions that
materials and
allow workers to
equipment
conduct their
needed, and how
work safety when
and when to use
hazards are
them safety.
present.
a. regulatory requirements

b. necessary PPE

c. required training

d. worker responsibilities

e. specific sequence of steps to follow to complete the work safely

f. required permits

g. emergency procedures