NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM
-FOR RAPID PROCESSES SUCH
AS BODY MOVEMENT AND
BREATHING
 NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
-CONTROLS BODY PROCESSES
THAT SLOWLY TAKE PLACE
SUCH AS CELL GROWTH.
*chemical messengers move
more slowly than nerve
impulses.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Collection of glands in an organism which

secrete “hormones” directly to the circulatory
system to be carried to the distant target
organs
Hormones
Greek: “to set in motion”
Substances that exert regulatory functions in
different cells of the body
MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGANS
 ENDOCRINE ORGANS
ENDOCRINE ORGAN SUBSTANCE EFFECT
PRODUCED
Pineal Gland Melatonin • Antioxidant
(center of the brain) • Monitors the Circadian Rhythm
-third eye (“Sleep-Wake Cycle”) of the body
Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe)- MASTER GLAND ( at the base of the brain)
Growth Hormone (GH) • Stimulate growth
• Stimulate cell production
Thyroid-Stimulating • Stimulate production of the Thyroid
Hormone (TSH) Hormones in the Thyroid Gland
Adrenocorticotrophic • Stimulate Androgen and
Hormone (ACTH) Corticosteroid production in the
Adrenal Glands
Beta-Endorphins • Inhibit pain perception
Follicle-Stimulating • Females: Stimulate maturation of
Hormone (FSH) egg cells
• Males: Stimulate sperm production
 ENDOCRINE ORGANS
ENDOCRINE ORGAN SUBSTANCE EFFECT
PRODUCED
Pituitary Gland (Anterior/Front Lobe)- MASTER GLAND
Luteinizing Hormone • Females: Stimulate Ovulation
(LH) • Males: Stimulate testosterone
production
Prolactin (PRL) • Stimulate production of milk
• Stimulate release of milk from the
mammary glands
Melanocyte-Stimulating • Stimulate melanin production from
Hormone (MSH) the skin  protects skin from UV
radiation; makes your skin darker
Pituitary Gland (Posterior/Back Lobe)
Oxytocin • For contraction of uterus during
birthing
Vasopressin/Anti- • Promote water reabsorption from
diuretic hormone (ADH) kidneys  increases blood
pressure
 ENDOCRINE ORGANS
ENDOCRINE ORGAN SUBSTANCE EFFECT
PRODUCED
Thyroid Gland ( below the voice box)
Triiodothyronine (T3)- • Stimulate body energy
Major Product consumption
• Increases body metabolism
Thyroxine (T4) • Stimulate body energy
consumption (same as T3)
• Increases body metabolism (same
as T3)
Calcitonin • Stimulate Osteoclasts (“bone-
forming cells”)  bone
construction
Thymus Gland T-lymphocytes (T-cells) • For the development of T-cells, a
(infront of the heart) very important type of the White
Blood Cell (WBC)
• Large at birth, breaks down as you
grow up
 ENDOCRINE ORGANS
ENDOCRINE ORGAN SUBSTANCE EFFECT
PRODUCED
Adrenal Gland (at portion of the Adrenal Cortex/Outer Part of the Adrenal Gland)
(on top of the kidneys)
Glucocorticoids (mainly • Stimulate glucose (sugar) entry into
Cortisol) the muscles and fat tissues
(adipose tissue)
Mineralocorticoids • For water and sodium reabsorption
(mainly Aldosterone) in the kidneys  increases blood
volume and blood pressure
Androgens • Males: maturation of male sex
(Testosterone) organs (small effect compared to
androgens from the testes)
• Females: Masculinizing effects
(Females having some male
properties such as lower tone of
voice of excessive hair production)
 ENDOCRINE ORGANS
ENDOCRINE ORGAN SUBSTANCE EFFECT
PRODUCED
Adrenal Gland (at portion of the Adrenal Medulla/Inner Part of the Adrenal Gland)
Epinephrine • “Flight of fight” response (response
(Adrenaline) and of a person in response to a
Norepinephrine harmful event/threat to survival)
(Noradrenaline) 1. Boost supply of oxygen
and glucose to the brain and muscles
2. Increase heart rate
3. Dilate (Open up) blood
vessels of the body
4. Dilate the pupils of the
eyes
Dopamine • Increase heart rate
• Increase blood pressure
 ENDOCRINE ORGANS
ENDOCRINE ORGAN SUBSTANCE EFFECT
PRODUCED

Pancreas ( between the kidneys)

Insulin • Takes up glucose (sugar) from the
blood to the liver and muscle cells
• Decreases blood sugar level
Glucagon • Releases glucose from glycogen
(glucose/sugar stores)
• Increases blood sugar level
Somatostatin • Inhibits release of Insulin and
Glucagon
 ENDOCRINE ORGANS
ENDOCRINE ORGAN SUBSTANCE EFFECT
PRODUCED
Testes ( lower abdomen)
Androgens (mainly • Growth of muscle mass and
Testosterone)- Major strength (seen at puberty)
Site • Growth of bones and bone strength
(seen at puberty)
Minor Site of • Males: maturation of male sex
production: Adrenal organs, formation of scrotum,
Glands deepening of voice, growth of
beard
Ovaries ( lower abdomen)
Progesterone • Supports Pregnancy
1. decreases contraction of
uterus at childbirth
2. inhibit start of childbirth
• With Anti-inflammatory properties
 ENDOCRINE ORGANS
ENDOCRINE ORGAN SUBSTANCE EFFECT
PRODUCED
Ovaries
Estrogen • Promote formation of female
secondary sex characteristics:
1. breast enlargement
2. growth of body and pubic
hair
3. widening of hips
4. development of thigh
muscles
• Accelerate height growth
• Accelerate body metabolism
• Increase growth of uterus
• Increase bone formation
 EFFECTS OF HORMONES IN THE BODY

-regulate and balance the working

ORGANS, TISSUES, AND CELLS
-plays an important role in the
disorders such as DIABETES,
THYROID DISEASE, GROWTH
DISORDERS, SEXUAL
DYDFUNCTION
 EFFECTS OF HORMONES

MOOD SWINGS:
-CAUSED BY THE INCREASING
AMOUNT OF HORMONES
-MAINTAIN A POSITIVE OUTLOOK
IN LIFE. THE CHANGES ARE
TEMPORARY AND WILL STABILIZE
WITH TIME.
 HORMONAL INBALANCE

IF HORMONES DO NOT
PRODUCE THE REGULATED
AMOUNT OF CHEMICALS TO
YOUR BODY , IT WILL RESULT
IN ABNORMALITY.
CONNECTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO OTHER
BODY SYSTEMS (“REGULATORY FEEDBACK LOOP”)
CONNECTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO OTHER
BODY SYSTEMS (“REGULATORY FEEDBACK LOOP”)
CONNECTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO OTHER
BODY SYSTEMS (“REGULATORY FEEDBACK LOOP”)

Hypothalamus___________
Pituitary__________
(hypophysis)
CONNECTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO OTHER
BODY SYSTEMS (“REGULATORY FEEDBACK LOOP”)

The most common body control mechanism

Mastermind: HYPOTHALAMUS
Endocrine Organs and End Organs (other body organs
that takes the effect of hormones) has a sensing
system to tell if they are receiving too much, too
little, or right amount of hormones (“Positive and
Negative Feedbacks”)
CONNECTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO OTHER
BODY SYSTEMS (“REGULATORY FEEDBACK LOOP”)

This system keeps hormone levels at a desired level

range
If the Hypothalamus senses low circulating levels of a
hormone (ex. FSH, LH), it will now respond by
producing “Releasing Hormones” (ex.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone [GnRH]) to act
on the pituitary gland and release more FSH and
LH.
CONNECTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO OTHER
BODY SYSTEMS (“REGULATORY FEEDBACK LOOP”)

If the Hypothalamus senses too much FSH and LH

circulating in the body, it will now stop producing
the GnRH, so that the anterior pituitary gland will
also lessen its production of LH and FSH
The Hypothalamus can also release “Inhibiting
Hormones” which will also lessen the release of
hormones from the endocrine organs
CHAIN
OF
COMMAND
 CONNECTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO OTHER
BODY SYSTEMS (“REGULATORY FEEDBACK LOOP”)

ENDOCRINE ORGAN SUBSTANCE EFFECT

PRODUCED
Hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-Releasing • Stimulate release of TSH from the
Hormone (TRH) Anterior Pituitary Gland
Dopamine • Inhibit PRL from the Anterior
Pituitary
Growth Hormone- • Stimulate GH release from the
Releasing Hormone Anterior Pituitary
(GHRH)
Growth Hormone- • Inhibits GH and TSH release from
Inhibiting Hormone the Anterior Pituitary
(GHIH)
 CONNECTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO OTHER
BODY SYSTEMS (“REGULATORY FEEDBACK LOOP”)

ENDOCRINE ORGAN SUBSTANCE EFFECT

PRODUCED
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin- • Stimulate FSH and LH release from
Releasing Hormone the Anterior Pituitary
(GnRH)
Corticitropin-Releasing • Stimulate ACTH release from the
Hormone (CRH) Anterior Pituitary
REFERENCES:
1. D. L. Longo, et al., (Ed.), Harrison’s principles of internal medicine (19th ed., Vol.
2, pp. 2567-2588. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
2. Tsigos C, Chrousos GP (2002). "Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,
neuroendocrine factors and stress". Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53 (4):
865–71