Lecture Week3

ANNOUNCEMENTS
• HW1 will be uploaded this Friday afternoon(3/23). Due date is by 18:00pm on 4/2.
• How about submitting your HW1 via “eclass.dongguk.edu”?

OUTLINE
• Coordinate system-Cartesian & Cylindrical (Thurs)
• Coordinate system –Spherical, Distance between
two points (Fri.)

Reading: Chapt. 2

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 1 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Discussions on Previous Lecture
• Dot Product vs. Cross Product
• Dot Product – Scalar, 교환,결합, 분배법칙, cos…

• Cross Product – Vector, Anti-commutative, sin…right-hand law

• Scalar triple product, vector triple product, component vector

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 2 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Spherical Coordinates (r, θ, φ)

z
0  r   
0      (2.17)
 
 0    2 
  Zenith
θ r
Angle

A  ( Ar , A , A )
 Ar ar  A a  A a (2.18) x
y
φ
Azimuthal Angle
| A | ( Ar2  A2  A2 )1/2 (2.19)

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 3 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Unit Vector of Spherical Coordinate

     
ar  ar  a  a  a  a  1 z
ar
     
ar  a  a  a  a  ar  0 aφ
  
 ar  a  a  aθ
  θ
r
  
 a  a  ar  (2.20)
  
 a   a r  a  
  φ
y

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 4 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Relation between Cartesian
Coordinate and Spherical Coordinate
 r  x 2  y2  z2 
  z
 2
   tan 1 x  y 
2 ρ = rsinθ = x2 + y2
  (2.21)
z
 
   tan 1 y  z = rcosθ
θ r
 x 
φ y
x = ρcosφ
 x  r sin  cos   x
y = ρsinφ
 
 y  r sin  sin   (2.22)
 z  r cos  
 

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 5 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Relation between Cartesian
Coordinate and Spherical Coordinate
  
 a x  sin  cos a r  cos  cos a   sin a   z
     ar
(2.23)  a y  sin  sin a r  cos  sin a   cos a   ρ aφ
   
 z
a  cos  a r  sin a   aθ
θ r
   z = rcosθ
 a x  cos  a   sin  a   φ y
   
(2.9)  a y  sin  a   cos  a   x x = ρcosφ
  y = ρsinφ

 z
a  a z 
az ar
z
  
a x  cos  a   sin  a  θ θ
-aθ
  
 cos  (sin a r  cos a  )  sin  a  aρ = sinθar
   θ
 cos  sin a r  cos  cos a   sin  a  +cosθaθ
    aθ
a x  sin  cos a r  cos  cos a   sin  a  θ
ρ

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 6 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Transformation Between Cartesian &
Spherical
 Ar   sin  cos  sin  sin  cos    Ax 
Cartesian to Spherical     A 
A
   cos  cos  cos  sin   sin   y  (2.27)
 A    sin  cos  0   Az 
 

A x  sin  cos  cos  cos   sin   A r 

A    sin  sin  cos  sin  cos   A  (2.28)
Spherical to Cartesian  y    
 A z   cos   sin  0  A  

     
 Ar   ar  a x ar  a y ar  a z   Ax 
      
a  a z   Ay 
 
 A   a  a x a  a y (2.29)
 A  a  ax  
a  a y
  
a  a z   Az 
  
Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 7 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
2.5 Constant-Coordinate Surfaces

(2.34)

x=const. (2.35)
& y=const.
& z=const.

(2.34)

x=const. (2.35)
& y=const.

(2.34)

Figure 2.7 Constant x, y, and z surfaces.

 (2.37)

(2.37)

ρ=const. (2.37)
& φ=const.
& z=const.

(예) (2,60o,5) (2.39)

ρ=const. (2.38)
& z=const.

(2.37)

Figure 2.8 Constant , , and z surfaces.

 (2.40)

ρ=const.
& θ=const.
& φ=const.
(2.40)
(예) (5,30o,60o) (2.42)

(2.40)

r=const. (2.41)
& φ=const.

Figure 2.9 Constant r, , and  surfaces.

 Distance Between two points- Cartesian
Coordinate System
Cartesian coordinate

 
d | r2  r1 | (2.30)
 
r2  r1  [( x2  x1 ), ( y2  y1 ), ( z 2  z1 )]
d 2  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2  ( z 2  z1 ) 2 (2.31)

P1 (x1,y1,z1)

d
O

P2 (x2,y2,z2)

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 11 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Distance Between two points- Cylindrical
Coordinate System
Cylindrical coord.
P1 (x1,y1,z1)
 x   cos 

(2.8)  y   sin  d
z  z O

P2 (x2,y2,z2)
d 2  ( x 2  x1) 2  ( y 2  y1) 2  (z 2  z1) 2
 (2 cos 2  1 cos 1) 2
 (2 sin 2  1 sin 1) 2
 (z 2  z1) 2

d 2  22  12  212 cos(2  1)  (z 2  z1) 2 (2.32)

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 12 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Distance Between two points-
Spherical Coordinate System
Spherical coord
P1 (x1,y1,z1)
 x  r sin  cos 

(2.22)  y  r sin  sin  d
 z  r cos  O

P2 (x2,y2,z2)
d 2  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2  ( z2  z1 ) 2
 (r2 sin  2 cos 2  r1 sin 1 cos 1 ) 2
 (r2 sin  2 sin 2  r1 sin 1 sin 1 ) 2
 (r2 cos  2  r1 cos 1 ) 2

d 2  r22  r12  2r1r2 cos( 2  1 )

 2r1r2 sin  2 sin 1 cos(2  1 ) (2.33)
Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 13 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
Ex 2.1 A = yax + (x + z)ay 를 원통좌표, 구좌표로 표현하라.
P(-2,6,3)와 A 를 원통좌표, 구좌표로 구하라.

A   cos  sin  0 A x   cos  sin  0  y 

(2.13) A     sin  cos  0 A y    sin  cos  0  x  z 
       
 A z   0 0 1  A z   0 0 1  0 

 A  y cos   ( x  y) sin  
 
 A    y sin   ( x  z) cos    원통 좌표계
 
 z
A  0 

 A r   sin  cos  sin  sin  cos   A x   sin  cos  sin  sin  cos    y 
 
(2.27) A    cos  cos  cos  sin   sin  A y   cos  cos  cos  sin   sin   x  z 
     
A     sin  cos  0   A z    sin  cos  0   0 
 

 A r  y sin  cos   ( x  z) sin  sin  

 
 A   y cos  cos   ( x  z) cos  sin    구좌표계
 
 A    y sin   ( x  z ) cos  
Ex 2.1 P(-2,6,3), A = (y, x + z, 0) 일 때 P와 A를 원통좌표, 구좌표로 구하라.

z
  x  y  4  36  6.32
2 2
ρ = rsinθ = x2 + y2
y 6
  tan 1  tan 1  108.43o
x 2 r
z = rcosθ
θ
z3
φ y
r  x  y  z  4  36  9  7
2 2 2
x x = ρcosφ
y = ρsinφ
x y 2 2
40
  tan 1  tan 1  64.62o
z 3

P(-2, 6, 3)
=P(6.32, 108.43o, 3) 원통좌표계
=P(7, 64.62o, 108.43o) 구좌표계
Ex 2.1 P(-2,6,3), A = (y, x + z, 0) 일 때 P에서 A를 원통좌표, 구좌표로 구하라.

z
ρ = rsinθ = x2 + y2

z = rcosθ
θ r

φ
 x  2 y
 x = ρcosφ
y  6 x
y = ρsinφ
z  3


   x 2  y2     (2) 2  62  40 
   
 x y  2 6 
 cos   sin     cos   , sin   
    40 40 
 2   
 r  x 2
 y 2
 z   r  ( 2 ) 2
 6 2
 32
 7 
 z   3 40 
 cos   sin     cos   , sin   
 r r  7 7 
    (2) 2  62  40 
 
 2 6  z
 x  2   cos   , sin   
   40 40  ρ = rsinθ = x2 + y2
 y  6   
z  3   r  ( 2 ) 2
 6 2
 32
 7 
  z = rcosθ
 3 40  θ r
 cos   , sin   
 7 7  φ y
x x = ρcosφ
Cylindrical coord. y = ρsinφ

 A  y cos   ( x  y) sin  
  
 A    y sin   ( x  z) cos    A  (6 / 40 ,  38 / 40 , 0)
 
 z
A  0 

Spherical coord.
 A r  y sin  cos   ( x  y) sin  sin  
  
 A   y cos  cos   ( x  y) cos  sin    A  (0.8571,  0.4066,  6.008)
 
A
    y sin   ( x  y ) cos  
 (10 / r ) sin  cos   r cos 2  cos   sin 
 x 
B 
B   (10 / r ) sin  sin   r cos 2  cos   cos 
 y  
 Bz  (10 / r ) cos   r cos  sin  

z

 r  x 2  y2  z2  ρ = rsinθ = x2 + y2
 
 
  x  y
2 2
 z = rcosθ
 z   θ r
 cos   , sin   
 r r  φ y
 y x y x = ρcosφ
 tan   , cos   , sin    x
 x   y = ρsinφ

 r  (3) 2  42  02  5 
 
  직각좌표계 z
   tan 1 ( 3 ) 2
 4 2
 
  -3
 0 2   B  (2, 1, 0) (-3,4,0)
 
 cos   0 , sin   1  4 y
 4 3 4 x
 tan   , cos    , sin   
 3 5 5
Ex 2.2 B = 10ar /r + rcosθaθ + aφ 를 직각좌표계, 원통좌표계로 표현하라.
직각좌표계 Point (-3,4,0)일 때 B 를 직각좌표계로 원통좌표계 Point
(5,π/2,-2)일 때 B 를 원통좌표계로 표시하라.

구좌표계  원통좌표계

A x  sin  cos  cos  cos   sin   A r 

 
(2.28) A y    sin  sin  cos  sin  cos   A  
   
 A z   cos   sin  0  A  
A   cos  sin  0 A x 
(2.13) A     sin  cos  0 A y 
    
 A z   0 0 1  A z 
A   cos  sin  0 sin  cos  cos  cos   sin   A r 
A    sin  cos  0  sin  sin  cos  sin  cos   A 
      
 A z   0 0 1  cos   sin  0  A  

 sin  cos  0  A r   sin  cos  0  10 / r 

 
 0 0 1 A     0 0 1 r cos 
    
 
 cos   sin  0 A    cos   sin  0  1 
원통좌표계

  5 
 
    / 2 
 z  2 
 
 
 r  2  z 2 
   r  52  (2) 2  29 

 z    
 cos   r , sin   r    cos   2 / 29 , sin   5 / 29 
   cos   0, sin   1 
 cos   , sin    
x y 
  
 z
ρ = rsinθ = x2 + y2
A   sin  cos  0  10 / r   2.67 
A    0  r cos   1 
  
0 1
    r
z = rcosθ
 A z   cos   sin  0  1  1.167  θ
φ y
x x = ρcosφ
y = ρsinφ
Ex 2.3 E = −5aρ + 10aφ + 3az , F = aρ + 2aφ − 6az 일 때
(a) E × F 를 구하라.

  
(a  , a  , a z )
   
 E  5a   10a   3a z az
 aφ
 F  a   2a   6a z

a𝑦
  
(a x , a y , a z ) ax
 aρ
  
 E  5a x  10a y  3a z

 F  a x  2a y  6a z

  
a a a z
 
E  F   5 10 3
1 2 6
  
  66a   27a   20a z

 662  27 2  202
 74.06
Ex 2.3 E = −5aρ + 10aφ + 3az , F = aρ + 2aφ − 6az 일 때
(b) Point P(5, π/2, 3) 에서 Line (x=2, z=3)에 평행한 E의 성분.

Line (x=2, z=3)는 y축에 평행.

y축에 평행한 E의 성분: E ∙ ay ay = E ∙ aρ aρ = −5aρ

  
a y  sin  a   cos  a  (2.9)
z cyc
 
 sin a   cos a  P(5, π/2, 3)
2 2 3

 a y
2
x
Ex 2.3 E = −5aρ + 10aφ + 3az , F = aρ + 2aφ − 6az 일 때
(c) Point P(5, π/2, 3) 에서 Surface (z=3) 와 이루는 각.

az 는 Surface z =3 과 수직.
  z
E  a z  E cos Ez
(5, 10, 3)  (0, 0, 1)  134 cos Ez Ez
Ez  74.98o 
z3
  90  Ez  15.2
o o
Ex 2.4 D = rsinφar − sinθcosφaθ /r + r 2 aφ 일 때
(a) Point P(10,150o,330o) 에서 D
(b) Point P에서 Surface r=10에 접하는 D의 Vector 성분

a
1
D = 10 sin 330° ar − sin 150° cos 330° aθ + 102 aφ
10
= (−5, 0.043, 100)
z r=10

ar
(b) P
ar 은 Surface r =10 에 수직. 
at y
D 의 수직인 성분: Dn = D ∙ ar ar = (−5, 0, 0)

D 의 평행인 성분: Dt = D − Dn = (0, 0.043, 100)

x
Ex 2.4 D = rsinφar − sinθcosφaθ /r + r 2 aφ 일 때
(c) Point P(10,150o,330o) 에서 D에 수직이고 Cone θ=150o에 접하는 Unit Vector

ar a a
D  a  5 0.043 100

0 1 0 D
 100ar  5a 
a θ=150o
P 𝐚 (𝐚 성분 없음)
100ar  5a 𝛉
a
1002  52
 0.9988ar  0.0499a
z
r=10

  150o
x y
원하는 vector는 D에 수직이고 Cone θ= θ0o 에 접하므로 ֊
𝑎 𝜃 에도 수직 D  a
 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
• Cartesian Coordinates
1. Differential displacement
   
dL  dxa x  dya y  dza z (3.1)

dL dzaz

dxax
dyay

** dx, dy, dz는 상수가 아님. 대단히 작은 길이 (미소성분).

** 곡선이 아닌 직선으로 모든 Line을 나타낼 수 있음.

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 26 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Differential normal surface area
-2 Dimensional Case
 y 평면
dz ay
   
dS (an  an )  (dydz )a x  an
 
 (dxdz )a y  an
y
   
dSan  (dydz )a x an ax
 dy
 (dxdz )a y x 평면

z x
dx 
** 곡면을 평면으로 나타냄. y ay
** dx, dy, dz가 대단히 작으면 면적
계산에서 곡면과 작은 평면의 합의
1 a
면적이 차이가 없음. n
dy 2 
Stoke' s theorem ax
    2
L A  dL  S (  A)  a n dS (3.57)
x
Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 27 dx Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Differential Surface Elements
 
dS  (dydz )a x  
 * For PQRS surface, dS   (dydz )a x
 (dzdx)a y

 (dxdy )a z (3.2)

 dSan (3.4) 
az

ay
dz
 dx
z ax
dy
y
x

Figure 3.2 Differential normal surface areas in Cartesian coordinates:

(a) dS  dy dz ax
(b) dS  dx dz ay
(c) dS  dx dy az.
Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 28 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Differential Length, Area, and Volume for
Cylindrical Coordinates

   
dL  d a    d a   dz a z (3.5)
   
dS  d dz a   d dz a   d d a z (3.6)
dv  d ddz (3.7)

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 29 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Differential Length
   
dL  d a   d a   dz a z

ρ dρ

dz
z
ρdφ
dz
ρdφ
y
az
φ aφ dρ
aρ
x
Fig 3.3 Differential elements
in cylindrical coordinates.
Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 30 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Differential Surface Elements for
Cylindrical Coordinates
 
dS  d dz a

 d dz a

 d d a z

dρ

dz

ρdφ

Figure 3.4 Differential normal surface areas in cylindrical coordinates:

(a) dS   d dz a
(b) dS  d dz a
(c) dS   d d az.

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 31 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
for Spherical Coordinates
   
dL  dr a r  rd a   r sin d a  (3.8)
 2 
dS  r sin d d a r

 r sin dr d a 

 dr d a  (3.9)
dv  r sin drd d
2
(3.10)

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 32 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Differential Length
   
dL  dr a r  rd a   r sin d a 
z

r sinθdφ
r sinθ rdθ
dr
θ
r

φ y
rdφ
x

θ는 Zenith Angle이고
φ는 Azimuthal Angle.

Figure 3.5 Differential elements in the spherical coordinate system.

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 33 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Differential Surface
 2 
dS  r sin d d a r

r sin dr d a 

rdr d a 

Figure 3.6 Differential normal surface areas in spherical coordinates:

(a) dS  r2 sin d d ar
(b) dS  r sin dr d a
(c) dS  r dr d a.
Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 34 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Discussions

Electromagnetics I Spring 2019 Lecture Week3, Slide 35 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.