PRACTICAL

RESARCH 1
|PRAS01A|
 How to do Research?
Step 1: Problem
Step 2: Research Design and Methodology
Step 3: Theory and Hypothesis
Step 4: Sampling and Data Collection
Step 5: Data Presentation, Interpretation and
Analysis
Step 6: Formulating Conclusions and
Recommendations
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 Body/Chapters in a Research
Chapter 1: Problem and its Background
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Research Design and
Methodology
Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and
Interpretation of Data
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion, and
Recommendations
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Chapter 1
Problem and its Background
(Introduction)
 Chapter 1: Problem and its
Background
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Research Problem
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope and Delimitation
1.7 Conceptual Framework
1.8 Research Hypothesis
5 1.9 Definition of Terms
 Chapter 1: Problem and its
Background
An effective introduction may be achieved by:
▪ using a relevant and striking quotation
relating a relevant but striking anecdote or
incident
asking a series of questions
using a striking statement of your own

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 1.1 Background of the Study
This is a brief statement of the origin of the
problem . It is an account describing the
circumstances which suggest the research .

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 1.2 Research Problem
A research problem, or phenomenon as it might
be called in many forms of qualitative research, is the
topic you would like to address, investigate, or study,
whether descriptively or experimentally. It is the focus or
reason for engaging in your research. It is typically a
topic, phenomenon, or challenge that you are interested in
and with which you are at least somewhat familiar.

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 1.2 Research Problem
The definition of the problem is the first main step
in writing the research paper. It should be stated precisely,
accurately, and clearly. The problem can be expressed in
question or declarative form

Ex. BroadTopic: Problems of Drug Addiction

SpecificTopic: The Effects of Drug Addiction on the
Human Body

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 1.2 Research Problem
a.The topic is interesting. It will hold the researcher’s interest
through the entire research.
b.The topic is researchable. It can be investigated through the
collection and analysis of data and it is not stated as a topic
seeking to determine what should be done.
c.The topic is significant. It contributes in some way to the
improvement or understanding of education theory or practice.
d.The topic is manageable. If it fits the researcher’s level or
research skills, needed resources, and time restrictions.

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 1.2 Research Problem
The research problems can be gathered from various
sources, such as:
a. Research Literature –It provides the much needed
information to determine what have already been explored in
relation to the topic that will be investigated.
b.Theory-Based Research – This contains the studies in which
the existing theories were tested.

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 1.2 Research Problem
▫c. Replicating and Extending Previous Research – the
purpose of this is to check findings of breakthrough study, to
determine the validity of research findings across different
populations, to identify the trends or change over time, to know
important findings using different methodology, and to develop
more effective or efficient intervention
d. Observations – this helps in determining an emerging or
existing phenomenon that must be investigated

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 1.2 Research Problem
d.Experience – this is another rich source of research topics
because this provides the motivation to the researcher to
investigate or examine what he/she knows is important in
language or literature study.

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 1.2 Research Problem
d. Experience – this is another rich source of research topics
because this provides the motivation to the researcher to
investigate or examine what he/she knows is important in
language or literature study.

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 Varibles
▪A variable is either a result of some force or is
itself the force that causes a change in another
variable. In experiments, these are
called dependent and independent variables
respectively.
▪- is defined as anything that has a quantity or
quality that varies
▪
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 Varibles
The dependent variable is the variable a
researcher is interested in. The changes to the
dependent variable are what the researcher is
trying to measure with all their fancy techniques.

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 Varibles
An independent variable is a variable believed
to affect the dependent variable. This is the
variable that you, the researcher, will manipulate
to see if it makes the dependent variable
change.

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 Examine four people's ability to throw a ball
when they haven't eaten for a specific period of
time - 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours.

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 The psychology of the language learner:
Individual differences in second language
acquisition

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 Survey on Elementary Teachers’ Perception
on Mother Tongue-based Instruction

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 1.3 Research Objectives

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 1.3 Research Objectives

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 1.3 Research Objectives

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 1.3 Research Objectives

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 1.3 Research Objectives

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 1.3 Research Objectives

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 1.3 Research Objectives

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 1.3 Research Objectives

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 1.3 Research Objectives

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 1.3 Research Objectives

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 1.3 Research Objectives

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 1.4 Research Questions
The PURPOSE OF THE
RESEARCH describes how the study will
fill this “knowledge gap”. To address this
purpose, the researcher must formulate
necessary questions that will help
distinguish the significant points of the
research.
The RESEARCH QUESTIONS may
be either framed in a quantitative (HOW
MUCH, HOW OFTEN, TO WHAT
EXTENT) or qualitative (WHAT, WHY,
32 HOW) manner.
 1.5 Significance of the Study
This section creates a perspective for looking at the problem. It
points out how your study relates to the larger issues and uses
a persuasive rationale to justify the reason for your study. It
makes the purpose worth pursuing. The significance of the
study answers the questions:

Why is your study important?

To whom is it important?
What benefit(s) will occur if your study is done?

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 1.6 Scope and Delimitation
This determines the coverage of the study
and all the things that it will not cover in order
to be specific.

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 1.7 Conceptual Framework
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK is an outline or
paradigm that presents the topics to be studied,
the various variables and contexts, and these relate
to or influence each other.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

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 1.7 Conceptual Framework

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 1.7 Conceptual Framework

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 1.7 Conceptual Framework

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 1.7 Conceptual Framework

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 1.7 Conceptual Framework

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 1.8 Research Hypothesis
THEORY AND HYPOTHESIS
• Theory- is a systematized body of
ideas used for the explanation of
phenomenon.
• Theory-explanation tool
• Hypothesis-tentative intellectual guess

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 1.8 Research Hypothesis
2 Types of Hypotheses
• Null Hypothesis- stated negatively
• Alternative Hypothesis- stated
positively
• Null: There is no significant difference between the
academic performance of males and females in the
field of Mathematics.
• Alternative: There is significant difference between the
academic performance of male and females in the
field of Mathematics.
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 1.9 Definition of Terms
This part includes the operational and
conceptual definition of significant terms
used in the research paper.

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