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Data Analysis
• Multivariate Analysis often starts out with
data involving a substantial number of
correlated variables
Principal Component Analysis
• Principal Component Analysis (PCA)is a
dimension-reduction tool that can be used to
reduce a large set of variables to a small set
that still contains most of the information in
the large set.
• Factor analysis is a statistical procedure to
identify interrelationships that exist among a
large number of variables, i.e., to identify how
suites of variables are related.
• Factor analysis can be used for exploratory or
confirmatory purposes.
Factor loadings
• The factor loadings, also called component
loadings in PCA, are the correlation
coefficients between the variables (rows) and
factors/items (columns).
• VARIMAX: One of the most popular
orthogonal factor rotation methods.
Structural Equation Model (SEM)
• Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a form of causal modeling that
includes a diverse set of mathematical models, computer algorithms, and
statistical methods that fit networks of constructs to data. SEM
includes confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis.
• SEM, is a very general statistical modeling technique, which is widely used
in the behavioral sciences.
• SEM is a powerful technique that can combine complex path models with
latent variables (factors).
• It can be viewed as a combination of factor analysis
and regression or path analysis.
• Structural equation modeling has its roots in path
analysis
• Observed (or measured) variables are represented by
a rectangle or square box, and latent (or
unmeasured) factors by a circle or ellipse.
• Single headed arrows or ‘paths’ are used to define
causal/associational relationships in the model, with
the variable at the tail of the arrow
causing/associating the variable at the point.
• Double headed arrows indicate co-variances or
correlations, without a causal/associational
interpretation.
• Statistically, the single headed arrows or paths
represent regression coefficients, and double-
headed arrows co-variances.
Structural Equation
Model (SEM)
Measurement
Structural model Model