†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb (Data

Data Communication)
communication refers to the exchange of data between a
source and a receiver via form of transmission media such as a
wire cable.
Transfer of data from one entity to another via some form of
transmission medium.

†Kv‡bv †WUv ev Z_¨‡K GK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Ab¨ Kw¤úDUvi wKsev GK

wWfvBm n‡Z Ab¨wWfvB‡m
(†gvevBj, ¯§vU‡dvb, cv‡m©vbvj wWwRUvj Av̈wmm‡U›U, wRwcGm
†bwf‡MUi BZv̈w`) wKsev GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨
¯’v‡b wKsev GKR‡bi †WUv ev Z_¨‡K A‡b¨i wbKU ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖwμqv‡K †WUv
KwgDwb‡Kkb e‡j| GwU Ggb ai‡bi cÖwμqv hvi gva¨‡g GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨¯’v‡b
wbf©i‡hvMf̈v‡e †WUv ev Z_¨mn‡R I `ª~ZZg mg‡q
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Dcv`vb (Elements of Data
Communication)
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb প্রwμqvq GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨¯’v‡b wbf©i‡hvMf̈v‡e †WUv
ev Z_¨Av`vb-cÖ`vb m¤¢e| †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi cuvPwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb
n‡jv-

K. Drm (Source)
L. †cÖiK (Transmitter)
M. gvag̈ (Medium)
N. MÖvnK ev cÖvcK
(Receiver) I
O. MšÍe¨(Destination)
1. Sender 2. Receiver 3. Message 4. Transmission Medium 5. Protocol
Complete Figure Data Communication With Components
( Data Transfer)
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K
Av̈bvjM ms‡K‡Z Ges Av̈bvjM ms‡KZ‡K wWwRUvj
ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
ডেটা সংকেত দই ু প্রোরঃ ১. অ্যানালগ সংকেত ২.
ডেজিটাল সংকেত

অ্যানালগ ডেজিটাল
সংকেত
†cÖiK Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ g‡Wg সংকেত
(Modem) Kw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ
wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K Av̈bvjM ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡b †cÖiY
K‡i| cÖvcK Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ g‡Wg †Uwj‡dvb jvBb †_‡K cÖvß
Av̈bvjM ms‡KZ‡K wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i MÖvnK Kw¤úDUv‡i
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb w¯úW (Data
Transmission
†Kv‡bv †WUv‡K GK Speed)
Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wKsev
GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨¯’v‡b †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii nvi‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb
w¯úW e‡j| G UªvÝwgkb w¯úW‡K Bandwidth ও ejv nq| mvaviYZ
Bit per Second (bps) G GB ev̈ÛDB_ wnmve Kiv nq| cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û
†h cwigvY weU UªvÝwgU Kiv nq Zv‡K bps ev Bandwidth e‡j|
Bandwidth: It is the difference between the upper and lower
frequencies.
†WUv UªvÝdvi MwZi Dci wfwË K‡i KwgDwb‡Kkb MwZ‡K
wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v:
1. bv̈‡iv ev̈Û (Narrow Band)
2. f‡qm ev̈Û (Voice Band)
3. eªW ev̈Û (Broad Band)
Narrow Band Voice Band Broad Band
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ (Method of Data
Transmission)
wmMbv̈j cvVv‡bvi mgq ডিডিন্ন we‡Ui g‡a¨mgš^‡qi Rb¨
eëüZ c×wZ‡K ejv nq weU wmb‡μvbvB‡Rkb|
Methods

Asynchronous Synchronous Isochronous

Transmission Transmission Transmission
Gwmb‡μvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Asynchronous
Transmission)
†h †WUv UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡g †cÖiK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z †WUv
MÖvnK Kw¤úDUv‡i Kv̈‡i±vi evB Kv̈‡i±vi UªvÝwgU nq Zv‡K
Gwmb‡μvbvm UªvÝwgkb e‡j| Gwmb‡μvbvm c×wZ‡Z 8
we‡Ui Kv̈‡i±vi †WUv‡K UªvÝwgk‡bi c~‡e© Zvi m¤§y‡L
GKwU ÷vU© weU Ges †k‡l8 GKwUweU ev `ywU ÷c weU mshy³
÷c weU
n‡q cÖwZwU Kv̈‡i±vi 10 Kv̈‡i±vi ÷vU
A_ev 11 we‡Ui © weU
†WUvq iƒcvšÍwiZ
n‡q UªvÝwgU nq|
wmb‡μvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Synchronous
Transmission):
†h †WUv UªvÝwgkb e믒vq †cÖiK †÷k‡b প্রথমে †WUv‡K
†Kv‡bv cÖv_wgK †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡m msiÿY K‡i †bqvi ci
†WUvi Kv̈‡i±vi mg~n‡K eøK AvKv‡i fvM কমে cÖwZev‡i
GKwU eø‡K
cÖwZwU K‡i(hv‡K
eøK UªvÝwgU
cv̈‡KUI ejv nq) Kgc‡ÿ Kiv nq
80 †_‡K Zv‡K
132wU wmb‡μvbvm
Kv̈‡i±vi _v‡K| `ywU eø‡Ki
gvSLv‡bi mgq weiwZ mgvb mgq n‡q _v‡K Ges cÖwZwU eøK †WUvi ïiæ‡Z GKwU
UªvÝwgkb e‡j|
†nWvi (Header) Bbdi‡gkb I †k‡l GKwU †UªBji (Tailer) Bbdi‡gkb cvVv‡bv nq| †nWvi
Bbdi‡gkb MÖvn‡Ki K¬K w¯úW‡K †cÖi‡Ki K¬K w¯ú‡Wi mv‡_ wmb‡μvbvBR K‡i Ges
†cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki mbv³KiY msLv̈ enb K‡i _v‡K| Avi †UªBji Bbdi‡gkb eø‡Ki †kl wb‡`©k
K‡i|
 AvB‡mv‡μvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Isochronous
Transmission)
AvB‡mv‡μvbvm UªvÝwgkb cÖvq wmb‡μvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi
g‡ZvB| Z‡e AviI fvm©b| AvB‡mv‡μvbvm UªvÝwgk‡b †cÖiK I
cÖvcK †÷k‡bi g‡a¨†WUv UªvÝwgkb wW‡j (Delay) ivLv nq| G
c×wZ‡Z †cÖiK n‡Z MÖvnK‡K A‡bKMy‡jv eY© wb‡q GKwU
K‡i eøK K‡i GK mv‡_ GKwU eøK †WUv cvVv‡bv nq| `ywU
eø‡Ki g‡a¨†WUv UªvÝdv‡ii mgq cªvq 0 GKK Kivi †Póv Kiv nq|
†WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW (Data Transmission
Mode) †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î
Kw¤úDUvi
†WUv cÖev‡ni w`K‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW ejv nq|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K cÖavbZ wZb
fv‡M fvM Kiv nয়ঃ
MODE

BDwbKv÷ gvwëKv÷ eªWKv÷

(Unicast) (Multicast) (Broadcast)
 BDwbKv÷
†h UªvÝwgkb e믒vq(Unicast)
†cÖiK (Kw¤úDUvi) I cÖvc‡Ki
(Kw¤úDUvi) g‡a¨†WUv
Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq Zv‡K
G UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K wZbBDwbKv÷
fv‡M UªvÝwgkb †gvW ejv
nq|
fvM Kiv nq| h_v:
Unicast

Simplex Half-Duplex Full-Duplex

 wmg‡cø·
(Simplex)
†WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î †KejgvÎ GKw`‡K †WUv †cÖi‡Yi †gvW ev
cÖv‡K ejv nq wmg‡cø·| G c×wZ‡Z †KejgvÎ A n‡Z B Gi w`‡K
†WUv †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e wKš‘ B n‡Z A Gi w`‡K ডেটা †cÖiY Kiv
hv‡e bv| wmg‡cø· e믒vq †h cÖvšÍ †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡e †m
cÖvšÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges MÖnY cÖvšÍI †cªiY Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv| D`vniY- †iwWI, wUwf, PABX wm‡÷g |
 nvd-Wy‡cø· (Half-
Duplex)
G e믒vq †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î Dfq w`K †_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Kiv hvq Z‡e Zv
GKB mg‡q m¤¢e bq| G c×wZ‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ GKB mg‡q †KejgvÎ
†WUv MÖnY A_ev †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ MÖnY Ges †cÖiY GKB mv‡_
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wb‡Pi wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, G e믒vq A hLb †WUv †cÖiY
Ki‡e B ZLb †KejgvÎ †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e, †cÖiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| A Gi
†cÖiY cÖwμqv সম্পূর্ ণ n‡j B †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e wKšÍ †WUv MÖnY
Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| D`vniY: IqvwKUwK|
 ফুল েুকেক্স (Full-
Duplex)
G e믒vq †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î GKB mg‡q Dfq w`K n‡Z †WUv
†cÖiY I MÖnY Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ cÖ‡qvR‡b
†WUv †cÖiY Kivi mgq †WUv MÖnY A_ev †WUv MÖn‡Yi
mgq †cÖiYI Ki‡Z cvi‡e| wP‡Î dzj-Wy‡cø‡·i †ÿ‡Î, A hLb B Gi
w`‡K †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡e B I ZLb A Gi w`‡K †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| D`vniY-†Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj I B›Uvi‡bU|
 gvwëKv÷
(Multicast)
gvwëKv÷ UªvÝwgkb e믒vq †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv GKwU
†bvW (Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv hš¿cvwZ) †_‡K
†WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ mKj †bvWB MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| kyaygvÎ wbw`©ó GKwU MÖy‡ci mKj m`m¨
MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs I wfwWI
Kbdv‡iwÝs‡qi †ÿ‡Î kyaygvÎ hv‡`i AbygwZ _vK‡e ZvivB
AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|eªWKv÷
(Broadcast)
G UªvÝwgkb e믒vq †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv GKwU †bvW
(Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv hš¿cvwZ) †_‡K †WUv
†cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ mKj †bvWB MÖnY K‡i|
D`vniY wn‡m‡e wUwf I †iwWI m¤cÖPvi †K›`ª †_‡K †Kv‡bv
Abyôvb m¤cÖPvi Ki‡j Zv mK‡jB Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ডতনটট ডিষয় ডে এেকে ডিকের
মাধ্যকম উপস্থাপন েরা হকলাঃ
†bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© (Network
Interface
Kw¤úDUvi‡KCard)
†bUIqvK©fy³ Kivi Rb¨†h B›Uvi‡dm KvW©
eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© e‡j| G
KvW©‡K jv̈b KvW© ev †bUIqvK© Av̈WvÞvi KvW©I e‡j|
†bUIqvK© Kv‡W©I ডিwkó¨n‡jv G‡Z 48 we‡Ui GKwU
AwØZxq †KvW ev μwgK b¤^i _v‡K; hvi d‡j GKwU Kv‡W©i
mv‡_ AciwUi †Kv‡bv wgj _v‡K bv| GB μwgK b¤^i‡K
gv̈K (MAC) Av̈‡Wªm e‡j|
NIC wbডম্ন ewY©Z `vwqZ¡My‡jv cvjb K‡i _v‡K
1. †WUv †Kej Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ms‡hvM ¯’vcb|
2. wWwRUvj †WUv wmMbv̈j‡K jwRKv̈j AvKv‡i A_©vr 1 I 0 AvKv‡i
Kv̈e‡ji ga¨w`‡q Av`vb-cÖ`vb
Kiv|
3. †bUIqvK© WªvBfvi †_‡K Z_¨MÖnY Kiv Ges WªvBfvi cÖ`Ë
 Kw¤úDUvi
wb‡`©kvewj †bUIqv‡K©
(Instruction) cvjb Kiv| mvaviYZ wbম্ন wjwLZ
U‡cvjwR eënvi Kiv hvq-

K. ÷vi †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR (Star Network

Topology)
L. wis †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR (Ring Network
Topology)
M. evm †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR (Bus Network
Topology)