 In our design project, we have selected the 20 seated commercial

aircraft .The specification , performance details are mentioned.

 The conceptual design is referred by the use of historical data. We

obtain the main parameters needed for the aircraft design.

 Already we have found the overall weight of the aircraft and also we
have selected the engine parameters , corresponding airfoil , wetted
surface area and total drag.

 We designed the aircraft by used 3 design phases.

 In our design project -2,we have determined load factor and it’s
velocity by using V-n diagram , the lift distribution over the wing
also completed by using the Schrenk’s curve , load estimation of
wing and fuselage .

 Also we have been discussed about structural layouts of our

 The structural design of an airplane actually begins with the flight envelop or
V-n diagram.

 We have provided the safety factor of 1.5 during the structural design.

 Two major members that need to be considered for the structural design of
an airplane are wings and the fuselage.

 S the primary load carrying member in the wing structure (the front and rear
spars).

 The stringers need to take the shear loads acting on the wings.

 Unlike the wing is subjected to mainly unsymmetrical load , the fuselage is

subjected to its symmetrical load.

 Fuselage shear load (wing is transferred to the fuselage skin)

 Flight regime of any aircraft includes speeds , altitudes , weights , centers of
gravity , and configuration.
 The flight envelope has various types ,that envelopes are calculated and plotted by
flight mechanics engineers and employed by pilots and flight crews.
 Four important envelopes:
 1. Diagram of variations of aircraft lift coefficient versus Mach number (CL – M)
 2. Diagram of variations of airspeed versus altitude (V – h)
 3. Diagram of variations of center of gravity versus aircraft weight (Xcg – W)
 4. Diagram of variations of airspeed versus load factor (V – n)
 This envelope demonstrates the variations of airspeed versus load factor (V – n)
 The load to the aircraft on the ground is naturally produced by the gravity.
 n=L/W

A Typical V-n Diagram for a GA Aircraf

 npos = 3 to 4
 nneg = -1 to -2
 V= √(2nW/ρSCLMax)
 V= √(2*12000/ 0.5579 * 1.25 * 42.28 )
 V = 28.53 m/s
TOP CURVE:
Corner speed (V*)
 npos = 4
 V*= √( 2nposW/ρSCLMax)
 V* = √(2*4*12000 / 0.5579 * 1.25 * 42.28 )
 V*= 57.06 m/s
Corner speed (V*)
 npos = 4
 V*= √( 2nposW/ρSCLMax)
 V* = √(2*4*12000 / 0.5579 * 1.25 * 42.28 )
 V*= 57.06 m/s
Corner speed (V*)
 nneg = -2
 V*= √( 2nnegW/ρSCLMax)
 CN max = 1.1*CL max
 = 1.1 * 1.25
 CN max = 1.375
 V*= √(2*-2*12000/0.5579*42.28*1.375)
 V*= 38.47 m/s
 Maximum velocity attain by the aircraft is (V) = 114 m/s Graph no 1:velocity and load
factor graph
 Schrenk’s curve defines this lift distribution over the wing span of an aircraft, also
called simply as Lift Distribution Curve.
Y=Y1Y2/2

LINEAR LIFT DISTRIBUTION:

 LIFT AT ROOT
 Lroot =ρV2Croot / 2
 Lroot = 0.5579*1142*1.25*2.14 / 2
 Lroot = 9697.5 N/m
 LIFT AT TIP
 LTip = ρV2CTip / 2
 LTip = 0.5579*1142*1.25*0.856 / 2
 Ltip = 3879 N/m

ELLIPTIC LIFT DISTRIBUTION:b1= 4W / 2πa

 b1 = 4*12000/2*π*10
 b1 = 763 N/m

Linear Variation of lift

along wing semi span
EQUATION OF ELLIPTIC LIFT DISTRIBUTION:
 Y2=2b1 / a √(a2-x2)

 Y2 = 2*736.94/10 √(100- x2)

CONSTRUCTION OF SCHRENK’S CURVE:

 Schrenk’s Curve is given by

 Y=Y1=Y2 /2

 Y = 9697.5 + 152.788 √(100 – x2 )/2

Elliptical variation of lift

along semi spa
schrenks curve
LOADS ACTING ON WING:

 Lift force (given by Schrenk’s curve)

 Self-weight of the wing
 Weight of the power plant
 Weight of the fuel in the wing
TRANSVERSE DIRECTION AT CRUISE CONDITION:
 Lift Force given by Schrenk’s Curve:

Y = Y1 + Y2/ 2

Schrenk’s curve
POWER PLANT WEIGHT:
 We already select the LTC 4B-12 turbo prop engine.

Wengine = 745 kg
SELF-WEIGHT OF WING (Y3):
Self-weight of the wing:
 Wwing / WTO = 0.0759

 Wwing = 0.0759*12000

 Wwing = 910.8 kg

 W(Portwing) = 455.4 kg

 W(Starboard) = 455.4 kg

 Y3 = k (x-b/2)2

Assuming parabolic weight distribution

 455.4 = k (10)3 / 3

 k = 1.366

FUEL WEIGHT: self weight of wing

 Wfuel = 2790 kg / 2
 Wfuel = 1395 kg
The basic loads of fuselage are:
 1. The forces transmitted on it from parts of the plane, attached to it;
 2. Forces from cargoes, fuselage units, and also weight of itself fuselage;
 3. Aerodynamic forces; P, special compartments and in air channels of theD
 4. Overpressure in a cabin engine.

 ESTIMATION OF WF / W0
 WF / W0 = (1- WG / W0 )

 WG / W0 = ( W1/W0 ) * ( W2/W1 ) * ( W3/W2 ) * (W4/W3 ) * ( W5/W4 ) * ( W6/W5 ) * ( W7/W6 )

 WG/W0 = 0.990*0.990*0.995*0.980*0.773*0.990*0.992
 WG/W0 = 0.725

 FUEL FRACTION:
 WF/W0 = 1-0.725
 WF/W0 = 0.275

 WEIGHT ESTIMATION:
 WTO = WWING + WFUSE + WOE + WCREW
 12000 = 3864.5 + WFUSE + 7035 + 2200
 WFUSE = 1099.5 kg