Ch.

1
Water As Basic Utility.

Prepared By:-
Dhaval N.Yadav
Lecturer (CL-II),
Chemical Engineering Department,
Shri K. J. Polytechnic, Bharuch.
Topics to be Covered

 Role of Utilities in Chemical Plant

 Various utilities in Chemical Plant & uses

 Sources of Water

 Impurities in Water
Utility

~ the state of being

helpful, useful
Introduction (Utility)
 Any Chemical Plant requires raw
materials in order to produce final
products.
 It also requires various other services
called Utilities for smoothly carrying out
the processes.
 Utility is neither a reactant nor a product;
but Utilities are required for maintaining
adequate conditions of a manufacturing
unit.
Continued…
 Many chemical processes do not take place
at ambient temperature or pressures.
 In order to reach these non-ambient
conditions, utilities will have to be used to
raise or lower temperatures and
compress gases.
 Utilities often contribute 5 to 10% of the
price of a product, and may come from
public or private utility companies or on-
site plants or natural resources.
Continued…
 Natural Utilities include Air, Water
and certain gases.
 Purchased Utilities include Steam,
Gases,Water, Energy.
 In short the Role of Utility is to aid/help
in the manufacturing of a certain chemical
product.
Various Utilities
 Water
 Steam
 Air
 Gases
N2, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe etc...
Introduction (Water)
Water
 Earth’s surface is covered by 3/4th of water
 Nature’s most wonderful, abundant and useful
compound
 Water is rated to be of the greatest importance
for existence of Plants, Animals and Humans
 Essential for life – Without food human
being can survive for number of days but
without water once cannot survive.
Supply of Water Resources
Use of Water
 Steam generation
 Coolant in power and chemical plants.
 Production of various chemicals,
steel, rayon, paper, atomic energy, textiles,
chemicals, ice, and
 Domestic use for air-conditioning,
drinking, bathing, sanitary, washing, fire
fighting etc.
Sources of Water

Water
Sources

Surface Ground
Water Water

Rain, River, Spring

Lake, Sea water, Well
Water Water
Surface Water
 Surface water means the form of water
which is available on the surface of the
earth.
 It includes :
Rain water,
River water,
Lake Water,
Sea Water.
Rain Water
 Purest form.
 Obtained as a result of evaporation and
condensation from the surface water.
 It dissolves a considerable amount of
industrial gases like CO2, NO2, SO2 etc.
and suspended particle both organic
and inorganic origin.
River Water
 River is fed by Rain and Spring Waters.
 When water flows, it dissolves soluble
salts and minerals from soil.
 The greater the contact of the soil
containing soluble salts, greater will be
amount of dissolved solids salts in
river water.
Continued…
 River water contains dissolved solids like
Chlorides, Magnesium, Iron Etc.
 It carries with suspended soil particles
and organic matter derived from
decomposition of plant and animal bodies.
Lake Water
 This is the water stored above the earth’s
surface.
 It contains lower quantities of dissolved
solids/salts or minerals than well water,
but quantity of organic matter
suspended is much high.
 The lake may collect some spring water
also. Lake water can be directly used for
domestic or industrial purpose.
Sea Water
 Most impure form.
 Rivers throw/discharge all the impurities
carried with water into sea.
 The continuous evaporation of water
from surface of sea increases
concentration of dissolved
impurities.
Continued…
 This sea water contains about 3.5% of
dissolved impurities, out of which about
2.5% is sodium chloride.
 Because of which sea water cannot be
used directly for domestic or industrial
purposes.
 “Surface water generally contains
suspended matter, which often
contains the disease producing
bacteria’s.”
Underground Water
 A certain part of rain water, which
reaches the surface of the earth
penetrates into the earth.
 As this water moves downwards it comes
in contact with a number of mineral salts
present in soil and dissolves some of
them.
Continued…
 Water continues its journey downwards,
till it meets hard rock, when it retreads
upwards and it may even come out in
form of “Spring”.
 This water in general is clearer in
appearance due to the filtering action of
the soil, but contains more of the
dissolved salts.
Impurities in Water

Water
Impurities

Physical Chemical Biological

Inorganic/
Pathogen,
Dissolved Salts, Organic
Algae, Virus,
Solids.. Chemicals,
Fungi etc.
Gases etc
Physical Impurities
Mainly because of
 Dissolved Solids/ Salts.
This results in change in
 Color,
 Odor,
 Taste,
 Turbidity and
 Conductivity of water.
Colour
 Colour in water is due to metallic salts of Fe, Mn and
due to organic substances like humus*, algae, weed etc.
 Industrial activities such as textile, paper & pulp, dyeing,
tanneries.
 Colour intensities of water sample can be measured using
Tintometer using Platinum cobalt standard color complex
Turbidity
 It is due to colloidal, extremely fine suspension such as clay,
slit, finely divided matters, sometimes microorganisms etc
 It reflects the optical properties of water in terms of light
scattering ability instead of transmitting in straight lines.

Humus: the organic component of soil, formed by the

decomposition of leaves & other plant materials
Conductivity
 The ability of water to conduct electricity, indicates the
amount of dissolved minerals and gases in water.
 Conductivity measured in micro mhos/cm or
MicroSiemns/cm3

Taste
 Presence of dissolved salts and gases imparts bitter, soapy,
brackish and palatable taste which normally co-related with
odour but it is not applicable always the case
Bitter (Fe,Al, Mn, SO4, Ca(OH)2)
Soapy (NaHCO3)
Brackish (High salt content - NaCl)
Palatable (CO2 and NO3)
 Major Impurities
Ionic and dissolved
Cationic Anionic Nonionic and undissolved Gases
Alkalinity

Calcium Bicarbonate Turbidity, silt, mud, dirt and CO2

Magnesium Carbonate other suspended matter H2 S
Hydroxide NH3
Sodium Color, Plankton CH4

Biological
Potassium Sulfate Organic matter, O2
Ammonium Chloride Colloidal silica,
Iron Nitrate Microorganisms,
Manganese Phosphate Bacteria
Dissolved Impurities
 Some gases may get dissolved in water
during rain flow on earth’s surface such as
CO2, O2, H2S, SOx, NOx.

 When water flows on earth’s surface it

dissolves salts such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al,
Cl-, HCO3-, etc.
Suspended Impurities
 These are dispersion of solid particles
which are mixed with water.
 Lighter particles float on surface.
 They Inorganic Matter includes clay and
sand particles which make water turbid.
 The Organic Matter includes oil, vegetable
and animal matter which creates foul smell and
also makes the water turbid.