Optimization of Energy Efficiency and

Conservation in Green Building Design Using

Duelist, Killer-Whale and Rain-Water Algorithms
Totok R. Biyanto𝒂 , Muhammad N. Syamsi𝒂 , Henokh Y. Fibrianto𝒃 ,
N. Afdanny𝒂 , Kevin S. Gunawan𝒂 , Ahmad H. Rahman𝒂 ,
Januar A. D. Pratama𝒂 , Arfiq I. Abdillah𝒂 and Yusuf A. Putra𝒂
𝒂 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
SURABAYA
𝒃 DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
PUSAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
SOUTH KOREA
 INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEW

OUTLINE METHODOLOGY

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

CONCLUSION
Introduction
 Background
Energy Efficient Should
be considered:
 Internal Load (HVAC,
equipment)
 External Load (OTTV)
 External Load (RTTV)
 Lighting Load (Type of Glass)

Investment Cost
 type of glass
Duelist Algorithm
 use of insulation
Killer-Whale Algorithm
Rain-Water Algorithm
 Objectives
 Maximum ROI with optimum
EEC value, maximum daylight
value and minimum OTTV
using Duelist, Killer-Whale,
Rain-Water Algorithm.
 Different type of glass and
insulation at roof and wall vs.
optimum EEC and maximum
ROI values.
LITERATURE
REVIEW
 Optimization
Optimized Variables

Optimization Techniques Model

Objective Function
 Greenship rating

Appropriate Site Development (17 points),

Energy Efficiency and Conservation (26 points),
Water Conservation (21 points),
Material Resources and Cycle (14 points),
GREENSHIP
Indoor Health and Comfort (10 points), and
Building and Environment Management (13 points)
 Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Electrical Sub Metering

OTTV Calculation

Energy Efficiency Calculation

Natural Lighting

GREENSHIP Ventilation

Climate Change Impact

On-Side Renewable Energy (Bonus)

 OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value)
SNI 03-6389-2011
 OTTV Calculation Each Direction
𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉 = 𝛼 𝑈𝑊 𝑥 1 − 𝑊𝑊𝑅 𝑥 𝑇𝐷𝑒𝑘 + 𝑈𝑓 𝑥 𝑊𝑊𝑅 𝑥 ∆𝑇 + 𝑆𝐶 𝑥 𝑊𝑊𝑅 𝑥 𝑆𝐹 (𝟏)

Where:
 𝛼 is heat absorption
 𝑈𝑤 is thermal transmittance of
opaque wall (W/m2·K)
 𝑊𝑊𝑅 is window to wall ratio
 𝑇𝐷𝑒𝑘 is equivalent temperature
difference (K)
 𝑈𝑓 is thermal transmittance of
glass (W/m2·K)
 ∆𝑇 is temperature difference (K)
 𝑆𝐶 is shading coefficient of glass
 𝑆𝐹 is solar factor for vertical
surface (W/m2)
 OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value)
SNI 03-6389-2011
 OTTV Calculation All Direction

𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉𝑁 𝑥 𝐴𝑁 + 𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉𝑆 𝑥 𝐴𝑆 + 𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉𝐸 𝑥 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉𝑊 𝑥 𝐴𝑊

𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉 = (𝟐)
𝐴𝑁 + 𝐴𝑆 + 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐴𝑊

Where:
 𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉𝑖 is OTTV 𝑖 Direction
 𝐴𝑖 is Area of 𝑖 Direction
 𝑖 = 𝑁 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ , 𝑆 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ , 𝐸 𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 (𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡)
 Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 External Load Calculation
𝑄𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝑏𝑖𝑑 𝑥 𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑉 + 𝐴𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑈𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑥 ∆𝑇 (𝟑)
 Occupant Load Calculation
𝑄𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑄𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 + 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑄𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝟒)
 Fresh Air Load Calculation
𝑄𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.218 𝑥 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑥 ∆𝑇 + 2.998 𝑥 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑥 ∆𝑅 (𝟓)

Where:
∆𝑅 is humidity difference
∆𝑇 is Temperature difference
 Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 Artificial Light Calculation
𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝐿𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝐿𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 / 𝑡𝑜𝑝 (𝟔)
 Plug Load Calculation
𝑄𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 = 𝑃𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑁𝐿𝐴 (𝟕)
 Total Heat Load Calculation
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑄𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑄𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡 + 𝑄𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑄𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 (𝟖)

Where:
𝐿𝑃𝐷 is Lighting Power Density (W/m2)
𝑃𝑃𝐷 is Equipment Power Density (W/m2)
𝑁𝐿𝐴 is Net Lettable Area (m2)
 Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 AHU Power Calculation
0.000161 𝑥 𝐴𝐹𝑅 𝑥 𝑃𝑠
𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝐻𝑈 = (𝟗)
𝐹𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑥 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑥 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓
49.26464 𝑥 𝑄𝑠 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡 + 𝑄𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 + 𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑄𝑠 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐴𝐹𝑅 = (𝟏𝟎)
∆𝑇
 CHWP (chilled water pump power) and CWP (condenser water
pump power) Calculation
𝑊𝐹𝑅 𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝐶𝐻𝑊𝑃 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 𝐶𝑊𝑃 = (𝟏𝟏)
3960 𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝐸𝑓𝑓
Where:
𝐴𝐹𝑅 is Air Flow Rate (m3/minute)
𝑊𝐹𝑅 is Water Flow Rate (GPM)
 Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 Cooling System Energy Consumption Calculation
𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑥 𝑁𝑃𝐿𝑉 + 𝐶𝐻𝑊𝑃 + 𝐶𝑊𝑃 + 𝐶𝑇 (𝟏𝟐)
 Light Energy Consumption Calculation
𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = [ 𝐿𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝐿𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 +
𝐿𝑃𝐷𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑝 𝑥 𝑁𝐿𝐴 𝑥 𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑝 ]/1000 (𝟏𝟑)
 Plug Energy Consumption Calculation
𝑃𝑃𝐷 𝑥 𝑁𝐿𝐴 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑝 + 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑝 𝑥 𝑁𝐿𝐴 𝑥 𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑝
𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝟏𝟒)
1000
 Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 Air Distribution Energy Consumption Calculation
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝐻𝑈 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑝 (𝟏𝟓)
 Lift Energy Consumption Calculation
𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑝 (𝟏𝟔)
 Other Load Energy Consumption Calculation
𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝑁𝐿𝐴 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑝 (𝟏𝟕)
 Parking Ventilation Energy Consumption Calculation
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑝 + 𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑝
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝟏𝟖)
1000
 Building Energy Efficiency using GBCI
standards
 Total Energy Consumption Calculation
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. +𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. +𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝.
+𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. +𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. +𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. +𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝. (𝟏𝟗)

 EEC Point Calculation

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
% − 10%
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐸𝐸𝐶 = (𝟐𝟎)
2
 Cost of Investment
 Baseline
𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐶 𝐵 = 𝐶𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 𝐶𝐴𝐶 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 + 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 (𝟐𝟏)
 Design
𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐶 𝐷 = 𝐶𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 𝐶𝐴𝐶 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 + 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 + 𝐶𝐸𝑆𝑀 + 𝐶𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟 (𝟐𝟐)
 Cost of extra investment
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐶 𝐷 − 𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐶 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 (𝟐𝟑)
𝐶𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 = 𝐶𝐴𝑆𝐷 + 𝐶𝑀𝑅𝐶 + 𝐶𝑊𝐴𝐶 + 𝐶𝐼𝐻𝐶 + 𝐶𝐵𝐸𝑀 (𝟐𝟒)
 Return of Investment (ROI)
Saving
ROI = 𝑥 100% (𝟐𝟓)
Extra Investment Cost
 Duelist Algorithm

Duelist Algorithm (DA) is an

evolutionary computation
technique inspired by how
duelist improve their
capabilities in a duel that
was developed by Biyanto,
et al. in 2016 [11]
 Killer Whale Algorithm A

Killer-Whale Algorithm (KWA) is a

new evolutionary computation
algorithm that inspired by the life
of Killer Whale that was
developed by Biyanto in 2016 [12]
 START

Rain Water Algorithm Determine number of

rain water & iterations

Random : Height & Mass

of rain water

Rain-Water Algorithm (RWA) Calculate velocities of rain

water when hit the ground (v0)

is a new algorithm that Save 5% of the

best positions
Determine thelastest positions of
each rain water using Dijkstra's

inspired by the pattern of

Algorithm

physically rain water

Calculate the new
velocities (vt)

movements from air to the

Calculate the lastest
positions (st)

lowest place on the earth NO

Iterations finish?

that was developed by YES

Biyanto in 2016 [13] Evaluate the best

positions

END
Methodology
 No

Research Flowchart Yes

Methodology

Objective Function = Max ROI

Description Cost
Cost of water consumption 154,053,075 IDR
ASD cost of investment 490,875,000 IDR
MRC cost of investment 898,475,000 IDR
WAC cost of investment 1,063,592,524 IDR
IHC cost of investment 76,100,000 IDR
BEM cost of investment 630,000,000 IDR
Source: Biyanto, et al., 2013
Results and
Discussions
Baseline of OTTV Calculation
Floor OTTV Area OTTV
(Watt) (Watt/m2)
GF – MZ Floor 29419.83 55.99
2nd Floor 26253.80 50.64
3rd Floor 35867.32 65.18
4th Floor 35782.16 67.90
5th Floor 39505.58 72.09
6th Floor 30248.40 54.93
7th Floor 32301.31 73.03
8th – 16th Floor 114983.86 33.62
Total 344362.27 48.62
Energy Consumption Calculation
No. Description Unit Baseline
1 Chiller kWh/Year 543,722
2 Air Distribution kWh/Year 163,318
3 Lighting kWh/Year 286,576
4 Plug Load kWh/Year 326,385
5 Lift kWh/Year 104,000
6 Others kWh/Year 131,934
7 Carpark MV kWh/Year 78,402
8 Total Bld Energy Cons. kWh/Year 1,634,337
 Cost of Investment Calculation of Building
Baseline
Description Volume Unit Cost Total
Chiller 242.84 TR 6,000,000 IDR  EEC Baseline IDR
1,457,069,420
CHWP 23.62 kW 5,000,000 IDR 118,110,930 IDR
CWP 14.76 kW 5,000,000 IDR 73,819,331 IDR
fan AHU 62.81 kW 3,000,000 IDR 188,443,896 IDR
Glass 4477.27 m2 325,000 IDR 1,455,111,856 IDR
Lamp 10148.80 m2 150,000 IDR 1,522,320,000 IDR
Total  EEC Desain
4,814,875,434 IDR
 Cost of Investment Calculation of Building
Design
Description Volume Unit Cost Total
Chiller Variation TR 6,000,000 IDR Variation
CHWP Variation kW 5,000,000 IDR Variation
CWP Variation kW 5,000,000 IDR Variation
fan AHU Variation kW 3,000,000 IDR Variation
Glass 4477.27 m2 Variation Variation
Lamp 1479 piece 1,500,000 IDR 2,218,500,000 IDR
Lux Sensor 16 set 4,440,000 IDR 71,040,000 IDR
ESM 4 piece 6,000,000 IDR 24,000,000 IDR
Insulation 925 m2 Variation Variation
Total Variation
Convergence of Optimization Procedure
(Maximum ROI)
Combination the chosen design of any EEC
Design Combination ROI
EEC Point
Type of Glass Insulation %

14 Panasap Dark Grey (3 mm) Glasswool 30.2424

15 Panasap Green (5 mm) No Insulation 31.9647

16 Planibel G (3.2 mm) Glasswool 36.8486

17 Panasap Green (8 mm) Glasswool 29.5671

18 Sunergy Green (6 mm) Glasswool 20.6389

Stopsol Blue Green (6 mm) + Air
19 Glasswool 18.7667
+ Clear (6 mm)
Stopsol Green (8 mm) + Air +
20 Glasswool 15.1297
Planibel G (6 mm)
EUI and investment for any EEC points
 Comparison Between Building Baseline and
Optimization
Comparison
Description Unit
Baseline Result
Cooling System Capacity TR 242.84 200.11
EUI kWh/m2·year 161 107
CO2 emission tons/year 1456.195 969.298
Cost of Investment Cooling System IDR 1,457,069,420 1,200,675,063
Cost of Investment CHWP IDR 118,110,930 66,088,490
Cost of Investment CWP IDR 73,819,331 41,305,307
Cost of Investment AHU IDR 188,443,896 93,751,561
Cost of Investment Glass IDR 1,455,111,856 335,795,044
Cost of Investment Insulation IDR - 27,750,000
Cost of Investment Lamp IDR 1,522,320,000 2,218,500,000
Cost of Investment ESM IDR - 24,000,000
Cost of Investment Lux Sensor IDR - 71,040,000
Conclusion
Conclusion

 Duelist, Killer-Whale and Rain-Water Optimization

Algorithms have been used to optimize EEC in green
building design.
 Single glass Planibel G with 3.2 mm thickness and glass-
wool insulation were chosen as optimized variables that
provide EUI of 54 kWh/m2·year, CO2 emission reduction
of 486.8971 tons/year due to lower cost in the cooling
system and glassing.
 The maximum ROI and reduce of investment are
36.8486% and 4,078,905,465 IDR, respectively.
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