Seminar of Selected

Statistical Indicators

29 October 2018
Candelaria, Quezon
DEMOGRAPHY
Demography
 The scientific study of human
populations, primarily with respect to
their size, their structure and their
development (composition and
dynamics)

3
Population Composition
The statistical distribution of the
individuals in a population according to
such characteristics as age, sex, marital
status, education, occupation, etc. are
referred to broadly as the population
composition.

4
Population Dynamics
The changes in the size of the
population and its components.

5
Components of Demography
Three population processes in which the
number of people in an area may change:
 Fertility
– a birth may occur
 Mortality
– a death may take place
 Migration
– a migrant may enter or leave

6
Demographic Measures
Three information needed to measure an
event:
• the time period or window of observation;
• the group of people observed; and
• the type of event or occurrence experienced.

7
Demographic Measures
Count : The absolute number of a
population or any demographic event
occurring in a specified area in a specified
time period.

8
Demographic Measures

9
Demographic Measures

10
Demographic Measures
Rate
Measure of the frequency with which an event
occurs in a defined population during a given
length of time (usually a year)
Computed by dividing the total number of events
(e.g., live births or deaths) by the population
exposed to the risk of the event during that time
period (usually the midyear population)
Two types such as Crude and Specific

11
Demographic Measures
Probability
indicates the likelihood that some event will (or
will not) occur to some group of exposed
persons during the course of some period of
time;
similar to rates except that they consider the
number of people exposed to risk at the start of
a time interval instead of the average number
exposed

12
Demographic Measures
Average/Mean
expresses the amount of the characteristic or
event per member or unit (in the denominator)
assuming each member or unit possesses an
equal share of the characteristic or event (in the
numerator)

13
Demographic Measures
Median
Divides the population into two groups
according to the characteristic one is looking at
If one computes for the median age of the
population, the population would be divided into
two equal groups, i.e., half of the population is
younger than the computed value (median age)
and the other half is older.

14
Demographic Measures
Constant (k)
An unchanging, arbitrary number (for
example, 100 or 1,000 or 100,000) by
which rates, ratios, or proportions can be
multiplied to express these measures in a
more understandable fashion.

15
Demographic Measures
Cohort Measure
A statistic that measures events occurring
to a cohort who are observed through time
Cohort is a group of people sharing a
common demographic experience

16
Demographic Measures
Period Measure
A statistic that measures events occurring
to all or part of a population during one
period of time
A “snapshot” of a population

17
Sources of Population Data
Primary Demographic Data
– Census
– Vital Registration System
– Sample survey
Secondary Sources
– Administrative data
– Yearbooks
– Research reports

18
Sources of Population Data
International Sources
– Demographic Yearbook, Statistical
Yearbook
Online data sources

19
Census Advantages and Limitations

20
Population Size
 Refers to the total number of people in a
given area at a particular period.
– De Facto - a person is counted wherever that
person is found at the time of census
enumeration.
• Advantage: Gives a picture of the permanent
population.

21
Population Size
– De Jure - people are enumerated at their
place of usual residence, irrespective of
where they were at the time of the census.
• Advantage: Offers less chance of double counting
or omission of persons.

22
Population Structure
 Refers to the distribution of the
population among its sex and age group.

Sex Composition
– Gathers data on males and females.
– Important for the analysis of other types of
data and for evaluation of the completeness
and accuracy of the census counts of
population.

23
Sex Ratio
 The ratio of males and females in a given
population, usually expressed as the number of
males for every 100 females.
Number of Males
Sex Ratio (SR) = X 100
Number of Females

SR is very close to The number males is almost

100 equal to the number of females.
SR is lower In areas with massive female in-
migration is prevalent.
SR is higher In areas where out-migration is
dominated by female.

24
Sex Ratio
Number of Males
Sex Ratio (SR) = X 100
Number of Females

Example: Quezon excluding

Lucena City
2015 male = 946,111
population
2015 female = 910,471
population946,111
SR = x 100 = 103.9 or 104
910,471
This means that there were 104 males
per 100 females in 2015.
25
Age Composition
 Important for the description and
analysis of other types of demographic
data, and for evaluation of the quality of
the census counts of the population.
 Information on age is taken by asking
the age as of last birthday.
 The date of birth is also asked to verify
the age of the person.

26
Age Composition
 Most conveniently analyzes using the
percentage distribution, the total
population of all ages is taken as equal
to 100 percent and the relative share of
the population falling is each age-sex
expressed as a percentage of the total.

27
Age Composition
Table 1. Age Distribution of the Total Population by Sex: Quezon excluding Lucena City, 2015
Age Group Total Percent Male Percent Female Percent
All ages 1,856,582 100.00 946,111 50.96 910,471 49.04
Under 5 198,302 10.7 102,457 5.5 95,845 5.2
5-9 210,684 11.3 108,241 5.8 102,443 5.5
10 - 14 209,104 11.3 108,368 5.8 100,736 5.4
15 - 19 190,126 10.2 98,560 5.3 91,566 4.9
20 - 24 161,035 8.7 82,865 4.5 78,170 4.2
25 - 29 137,500 7.4 70,279 3.8 67,221 3.6
30 - 34 124,261 6.7 63,964 3.4 60,297 3.2
35 - 39 118,443 6.4 61,295 3.3 57,148 3.1
40 - 44 106,096 5.7 54,823 3.0 51,273 2.8
45 - 49 99,873 5.4 51,548 2.8 48,325 2.6
50 - 54 85,051 4.6 43,839 2.4 41,212 2.2
55 - 59 71,147 3.8 36,175 1.9 34,972 1.9
60 - 64 53,987 2.9 26,418 1.4 27,569 1.5
65 - 69 36,107 1.9 16,424 0.9 19,683 1.1
70 - 74 23,796 1.3 9,928 0.5 13,868 0.7
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75 & over 31,070 1.7 10,927 0.6 20,143 1.1
 Population Pyramid
 A tool by demographers in analyzing the demographic
history of the population.
 Describes the fertility and mortality patterns of the
population in the past.
 A graphical representation of the age-sex composition of
the population using a bar graph where the height
represents the age group and length represents the
absolute population, or percent of population in each age
group. The sum of all bars is equal to the total population
or 100 percent of the population where males are given on
the left x-axis and females, on the right x-axis.
 Usually constructed by single-age or by five-year age
group.
29
Population Pyramid
The three general types of population pyramids:
1. Expansive (rapid growth) with a broad base
that indicates high fertility, that is, larger
numbers of people in the younger ages.

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Population Pyramid
2. Constrictive (slow growth) with a base narrower than the
middle of the pyramid. It shows result of recent declines
in fertility that affects the younger age groups. Hence,
there is a smaller numbers of people in the younger ages.

31
Population Pyramid
3. Stationary (near zero growth) with a base
approximately equal to each subsequent age group,
tapering off at the older ages. It indicates a moderate
proportion of children, a relatively large proportion of
persons in the old ages and a low population growth rate.

32
Example of Population Pyramid

33
Dependency Ratio
 Used as an indicator of the economic
burden the productive portion of a
population must carry.
 Countries with high birth rates usually
have the highest age-dependency ratios
because of the large proportion of
children in the population.

34
 Age-Dependency Ratio
 The ratio of persons in the “dependent” ages
(under 15 and over 64 years) to those in the
“economically productive” ages (15 to 64
years) in a population. P +P
0-14 65 +
ADR = P15-64
x k

where: ADR = age-dependency ratio

P0-14 = population aged 0-14
years
P15-64 = population
aged 15-64 years
P65+ = population
35
aged 65 years and over
Age-Dependency Ratio
 Example: Quezon excluding Lucena
City
2015 total population aged 0-14 = 618,090
years
2015 total population aged 15-64 = 1,147,519
years
2015 total population aged 65 years = 90,973
618,090 + 90,973
& over
ADR = x 100 = 61.8
1,147,519

This means that in 2015, there were

62 dependents per 100 persons in the
working age group in the Quezon
province (excluding Lucena City).
36
Child-Dependency Ratio
 The ratio of persons in the “dependent” ages
(under 15 years) to those in the “economically
productive” ages (15 to 64 years) in a
population. P
0-14

CDR = x k
P15-64

where: CDR = child-dependency

ratio
P0-14 = population aged 0-14
years
P15-64 = population aged
15-64 years 37
k = 100
Child-Dependency Ratio
 Example: Quezon excluding Lucena
City
2015 total population aged 0-14 = 618,090
years
2015 total population aged 15-64 = 1,147,519
years
618,090
CDR = x 100 = 53.9
1,147,519

In 2015, there were approximately 54

young dependents per 100 persons in the
working age group.

38
Old-Age Dependency Ratio
 The ratio of persons in the “dependent” ages
(65 years and over ) to those in the
“economically productive” ages (15 to 64
years) in a population.
P65+
ODR = x k
P15-64

where: ODR = old-dependency ratio

P65+ = population
aged 65 years and over
P15-64 = population aged 15-64
years 39
k = 100
Old-Age Dependency Ratio
 Example: Quezon excluding Lucena
City
2015 total population aged 65 years = 90,973
& over
2015 total population aged 15-64 = 1,147,519
years
90,973
ODR = x 100 = 7.9
1,147,519

Hence, there were eight old-age

dependents per 100 persons in the
working age group in 2015.

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 Median Age
 The age at which exactly half of the population
is older and half is younger.
N/2 - fx
Md = lMd + i
fMd

where: Md = Median age

lMd = lower limit of the class
containing the middle, or N/2th item
N= sum of all the frequencies
fx = sum of the frequencies in
all the classes preceding the class
containing the N/2th item
fMd = frequency of the class
containing the N/2th item 41
i = size of the class interval
Median Age: Quezon exc Lucena City
Age Group Total FX
All ages 1,856,582
Under 5 198,302 198,302
5-9 210,684 408,986
10 - 14 209,104 618,090
15 - 19 190,126 808,216
20 - 24 161,035 969,251
25 - 29 137,500 1,106,751
30 - 34 124,261 1,231,012
35 - 39 118,443 1,349,455
40 - 44 106,096 1,455,551
45 - 49 99,873 1,555,424
50 - 54 85,051 1,640,475
55 - 59 71,147 1,711,622
60 - 64 53,987 1,765,609
65 - 69 36,107 1,801,716
70 - 74 23,796 1,825,512
75 & over 31,070 1,856,582

1,856,582/2 – 808,216
Md = 20 + = 23.7 years
5 161,035
42
Population Change
 An increase and decrease in the size of the
population is normally termed “growth”.
– Population Growth Rate
– Indicates how fast a population increases or
decreases resulting from interplay of births, deaths
and migration in a given period.
– If population is closed between two periods,
meaning no migration, the rate of natural increase
is the same as the population growth rate.
– Used as an indicator on how fast the population is
growing to determine population programs that are
needed to curb or hasten population growth.
43
Population Change
 The most basic method to compute the
numerical change in the population assuming
that data on births, deaths and migration are
complete and reliable is through:
– Balancing Equation Pt = Po + (B – D) + (I – O)

where: Pt = population at the

later period
Po = population at the
earlier period
B = births between
the two periods
D = deaths between
the two periods 44
I = in-migration
Population Change
 The methods for computing the rate of
growth are as follows:
– Simple Population Growth
– Simple Growth Rate
– Arithmetic Growth Rate
– Geometric Growth Rate
– Exponential Growth Rate
– Rate of Natural Increase

45
Simple Population Growth
 Simple and straightforward, which is just
a comparison of two successive figures
for the total population.
Growth = P2 – P1

where: P1 = population in the

later period
P = population in the
 The relative 2size of the population may be
earlier period
measured as the ratio between two figures.

Growth = P2 / P1

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Simple Population Growth
 Example: Quezon excluding Lucena
City
P1 = Aug 1, 2007 total = 1,646,510
population
P2 = Aug 1, 2015 total = 1,856,582
Growth population
Relative Size of the Population

= 1,856,582 – 1,646,510 = 1,856,582

= 210,072 1,646,510
= 1.13

Hence, the population of Quezon Province

excluding Lucena City from 2007 to 2015
increased by 210,072 persons or a ratio of 1.13,
or a growth of 12.76 percent within a period of
eight years. 47
Simple Growth Rate
 The average of the difference between
two periods.
r = (Pt – Po)  t

where: r = annual population

growth rate
t = time interval
between the earlier and later
period periods
Pt = population in the
later period
Po = population in the earlier
period 48
Simple Growth Rate
 Example: Quezon excluding Lucena
City
Po = Aug 1, 2007 total population = 1,646,510
Pt = Aug 1, 2015 total population = 1,856,582
t = time interval between 2007 & =8
2015
r = (1,856,582 – 1,646,510)  8
= 26,259

Hence, the population of Quezon excluding

Lucena City from 2007 to 2015 increased
annually by 26,259 persons.

49
Arithmetic Growth Rate
 Assumes that there are linear increases
or decreases in a population.
Pt – Po
r = x k
t (Po )

where: r = rate of growth

t = time interval
between the earlier and later
periods
Pt = population in the
later period
Po = population in the earlier
50
period
Arithmetic Growth Rate
 Example: Quezon excluding Lucena
City
Po = Aug 1, 2007 total population = 1,646,510
Pt = Aug 1, 2015 total population = 1,856,582
t = time interval between 2007 & =8
2015
1,856,582 – 1,646,510
r = x 100 = 1.59 percent
(8) (1,646,510)

This means that the population grew at the

rate of 1.59 percent per year between 2007 and
2015.
51
Geometric Growth Rate

where: r = rate of growth

t= time interval between the
earlier and later periods
Pt = population in the
later period
Po = population in the
52
earlier period
Geometric Growth Rate
Example: Quezon excluding Lucena City

Po = Aug 1, 2007 total population = 1,646,510

Pt = Aug 1, 2015 total population = 1,856,582
t = time interval between 2007 & =8
2015

This means that the population grew at the

rate of 1.51 percent per year between 2007 and
2015.
53
Exponential Growth Rate
 Assumes an instantaneous growth rate,
meaning compounding is done continuously.
ln Pt
Po xk
r=
t

where: r = rate of growth

t= time interval between the
earlier and later periods
Pt = population in the
later period
Po = population in the
earlier period 54
k = 100
Exponential Growth Rate
 Example: Quezon excluding Lucena
City
Po = Aug 1, 2007 total population = 1,646,510
Pt = Aug 1, 2015 total population = 1,856,582
t = time interval between 2007 & =8
2015
ln 1,856,582
1,646,510 x 100 = 1.50
r=
percent
8
This means that the population grew at the
rate of 1.50 percent per year between 2007 and
2015.
55
Doubling Time
 Refers to the length of time a particular
population would double its size under a give
growth rate.
 A population growing at the rate of one percent
annually doubles its size in 69.3 by the growth
rate expressed in percent.
Example: Doubling Time =
69.3

Growth rate (%)

Doubling Time 69.3 = 45.9 or 46

= 1.51 years
56
 Rate of Natural Increase
 The speed at which a population is increasing in
a given period as a result of the interaction of
the natural demographic processes of births and
deaths.
 Refers to population increase per 1,000 persons
in the population.
RNI = CBR – CDR

where: RNI = rate of

natural increase
CBR = crude
birth rate
CDR = crude 57
Rate of Natural Increase
 Example:
1990 CBR 29.7 RNI = 29.7 – 7.0
=
= 22.7 or 23
1990 CDR 7.0
=
Thus, the rate of natural increase was
pegged at 23 persons per 1,000 population.

In terms of percent, the population was

growing at the rate of 2.3 percent through
natural increase.

58
Population Distribution
 Refers to the patterns of settlement and
dispersal of population within a country or
an area.
– Population Density
– Sometimes referred to as the man-land ratio.
– Refers to the number of population per unit of land
area (usually in square kilometers).
– More meaningful if given as population per unit of
agriculture or arable land.

59
Population Density
Population in a given year
Population Density =
Land Area (in sq. kms.)

Example:
Total Population on August 1, 2015 = 1,856,582
Total land area of the Quezon (excluding
Lucena City) in sq. km. = 8,507.79
Population 1,856,582
= 218.2 or 218
Density = 8,507.79 sq. km.

Hence, there were approximately 218

persons living per square kilometer in the
Quezon (excluding Lucena City) in 2015.
60
Population Distribution & Rank
 A simple way of ordering statistics that is
appropriate for any demographic
aggregate is to compute the percentage
distribution living in the geographic areas
of a given class.
Positive change in rank The rank had increased over
the previous census.
Negative change in rank The rank had decreased over
the previous census.
Zero or no changes The rank was maintained in
two censuses.

61
Population Distribution & Rank

62
Population Distribution & Rank

63
Population Distribution & Rank

64
LABOR FORCE
SURVEY
 What is the Labor Force Survey
(LFS)?
A nationwide survey of
households
conducted by the Philippine
Statistics authority every first month
of the quarter (January, April, July
and October)
designed to provide statistics on
levels and trends of employment
and unemployment
INDICATORS

Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR)

In the labor force

= X 100
Total population 15 years old & over

In the labor force = Employed + Unemployed

INDICATORS

Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR)

In the labor force

= X 100
Total population 15 years old & over

In the labor force = Employed + Unemployed

INDICATORS
In the labor force = 42,109
Total Population 15 years old and over = 69,414

42,109
LFPR = X 100
69,414
= 60.7%
INDICATORS
Employment Rate

Total employed persons

= X
In the labor
100 force
Unemployment Rate

Total unemployed persons

= X
In the labor force
100
 INDICATORS
In the labor force = 42,109
Total employed persons = 39,347
Total unemployed persons = 2,761

39,347
Employment Rate = X 100 = 93.4%
42,109

2,761
Unemployment Rate = X 100 = 6.6%
42,109
INDICATORS
Underemployment Rate

Total employed persons wanting add’l hours of

=
work
X 100 Total employed
INDICATORS
Total employed persons = 39,347
Total employed persons wanting add’l hours of work = 6,398

6,398
Underemployment Rate = X 100 = 16.3%
39,347
 TAXONOMY OF THE LABOR FORCE
TOTAL 15 YEARS OLD AND OVER

LABOR FORCE NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED

UNDEREMPLOYED
 Price •PPI
•WPI

Statistics
•RPI
•CPI
Price
The exchange value of good or
service in monetary terms.
 Price Index Generated by
PSA
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- an indicator of the change in the average
retail prices of a fixed basket of goods and
services commonly purchased by
households relative to a base year
Indicators derived from CPI

Inflation
Rate

Purchasing
Power of
Peso
Applications of / Indicators Derived
from the CPI
Inflation Rate
- annual rate of change or the
year-to-year change in the CPI

formula:

CPI2 - CPI1
IR = x 100
CPI1
Applications of / Indicators Derived
from the CPI
Inflation Rate
Example: What is the inflation rate in 2017?

Given: CPI(2016) = 108.7

CPI(2017) = 113.0
113.0 – 108.7
IR = ------------------ x 100% = 4.0%
108.7
Applications of / Indicators Derived
from the CPI
Inflation Rate
Impacts of Inflation:

1. It reduces the value of money.

2. It affects income and wealth distribution.
3. It causes distortions in the relative prices
and output of various goods and
services.
Applications of / Indicators Derived
from the CPI
Purchasing Power of Peso
shows how much the peso in the base
year is worth in another year
formula:
PPP = (1/CPI) x 100
Applications of / Indicators Derived
from the CPI
Purchasing Power of Peso
Example: What is the purchasing power of
peso in September 2018?
Given: CPI(Sep 2018) = 122.2
1
PPP = ------------ x 100% = 0.82
122.2