Artificial Intelligence

AI
 The term artificial intelligence was
coined in 1955 by John McCarthy
 Artificial Intelligence
 Branch of computer science concerned with the
study and creation of computer systems that exhibit
some form of intelligence
 Systems that learn new concepts & tasks
 Systems that can reason & draw useful conclusions
about world around us
 Systems that can understand a natural language or
perceive & comprehend a visual scene
Intelligence
 Ability to acquire, understand & apply
knowledge
 Ability to exercise thought & reason
 History
 1950 - Alan Turing – Turing test
 1957 - Frank Rosenblatt develops the
Perceptron, an early artificial neural network
enabling pattern recognition
 1958 - John McCarthy develops programming
language Lisp
 1961-The first industrial robot, Unimate, starts
working on an assembly line in a General
Motors
 1986-First driverless car, a Mercedes-Benz van
equipped with cameras and sensors
 1997- IBM's Deep Blue became the first
computer to beat a chess champion when it
defeated Russian grandmaster Garry Kasparov
 2000- MIT’s Cynthia Breazeal develops Kismet,
a robot that could recognize and simulate
emotions.
 2015- Sophia humanoid robot developed
by Hanson Robotics
Requirements to build a system
to solve a problem

 Define the problem precisely

 Analyze the problem
 Isolate & represent the task
knowledge that is necessary to solve
the problem
 Choose the best problem solving
technique
Process of AI
 Knowledge representation
 Representing information about the world in a
form that a computer system can utilize to
solve complex tasks
 Knowledge organisation
 Knowledge can be organized in memory for
easy access by a method known as indexing
 Knowledge manipulation
 Searching and matching operations
 Water Jug problem

2 jugs – 4l and 3l without measurement

We need to have 2l in 4l jug
Water jug problem
Gallons in 4- Gallons in 3-
litre jug litre jug

0 0

0 3
3 0

3 3
4 2
0 2
2 0
Steps
1. Define a state space that contains all the
possible configurations of the relevant objects
2. Specify one or more states within that space
that describe possible situations from which
the problem solving process may start. These
are called initial states
3. Specify one or more states that would be
acceptable as solutions to the problem. These
are called goal states
4. Specify a set of rules that describe the actions
available.
Missionary Cannibal Problem
States
 Initial (3,3) and (0,0)

 Goal (0,0) and (3,3)

AI
 Includes
 natural language,
 robotics,
 perceptive systems,
 expert systems, and
 intelligent machines
Types of learning
 Memorization
 Direct instruction
 Analogy
 Induction
 Deduction
Applications of AI
 Game playing
 Speech recognition
 Understanding natural language
 Computer vision
 Expert systems
Business
 Banks use artificial intelligence
systems to organize operations,
invest in stocks, and manage
properties
 Financial institutions use AI neural
networks to detect fraudulence,
charges, claims outside of the norm
Medical clinics
 Provide medical information
 Organize the medical room
 Medical diagnosis
Heavy industry
 Robots
 Repetitive jobs
 Risky jobs
Aviation

 For combat and training simulators,

mission management aids, support
systems for tactical decision making,
and post processing of the simulator
data into symbolic summaries.
 Use of speech recognition software
Expert systems
Expert systems
 An intelligent technique for capturing tacit
knowledge in a very specific and limited
domain of expertise
 Capture the knowledge of skilled
employees in the form of a set of rules in
a software system
Knowledge base
 The model of human knowledge
used by expert systems
 Contains facts & rules about some
specialized knowledge domain
 COMPONENTS OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM

Explanation Inference Case

module Engine History File

Input
I/O interface Working
Knowledge
Output Memory
base

Editor
Learning
Module
Knowledge representation
 Semantic networks
 Frames
 Rules
Semantic networks
 A network of nodes and arcs
connecting the nodes
 Principle of inheritance is used for
meaning
 fly

CAN

COLOR
A-KIND-
bird OF dove white

HAS-
PARTS
wings
Frames
 The related knowledge is put in one
area
 Frame - an organised data structure
of knowledge
 Frames are related to other frames
 Frame consists of slots
Example
(bob
(PROFESSION (VALUE professor))
(AGE(VALUE 42))
(WIFE(VALUE sandy))
(CHILDREN(VALUE sue,joe))
…………..)
 Tabular format
Frame Slot Facet Value
Family- Father Raj
details Mother Leela
Ram Brother Rahul
Personal Age 26
details height 170 cm
Rule based system
architecture
 Uses If..Then rules
 Each rule represents a small chunk
of knowledge relating to the given
domain of expertise
 A number of related rules
correspond to a chain of inferences,
leading to conclusions
Inference engine
 Strategy used to search through the
rule base
 2 strategies
 Forward chaining
 Backward chaining
 Forward chaining – the inference engine
begins with information entered by user
and searched the rule base .Carry out the
action of rule when condition is true
 Backward chaining – Searching the rule
base starts with a hypothesis and
proceeds by asking the user questions
until hypothesis is confirmed of
disapproved. More of goal oriented
Inference process
 3 stages – match, select & execute
1. The contents of working memory are
compared to facts & rules contained in
the knowledge base
2. When consistent matches are found,
those rules are kept in a conflict set
3. One of the rule is selected from conflict
set based on recent use, smallest rule
number etc..
4. The selected rule is then executed
Applications
 Medical diagnoses
 Diagnosis of complex electronic systems
 Forecasting
 Identification of chemical compound
structures
 Assessment of geologic structures
 Stock & bond portfolio selection &
management
 Military applications etc..
Advantages
 Provides consistent answers for
repetitive decisions, processes and
tasks
 Holds and maintains significant
levels of information
 Encourages organizations to clarify
the logic of their decision-making
 Never "forgets" to ask a question, as
a human might
Disadvantages
 Lacks common sense, needed in
some decision making
 Cannot make creative responses as
human expert would in unusual
circumstances
 Domain experts not always able to
explain their logic and reasoning
 Cannot adapt to changing
environments, unless knowledge
base is changed
Examples

 DENDRAL
 MYCIN
 PROSPECTOR
DENDRAL
 Primary aim was to study hypothesis
formation and discovery in science
 Help organic chemists in identifying
unknown organic molecules, by
analyzing their mass spectra and
using knowledge of chemistry
MYCIN
 Designed to identify bacteria causing
severe infections, such as
bacteremia and meningitis
 To recommend antibiotics, with the
dosage adjusted for patient's body
weight
 Also used for the diagnosis of blood
clotting diseases.
Prospector
 Evaluation of the mineral potential
of a geological site or region
 Provides information for
investigating a possible drilling site