DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY

LEP

LEP approach has evolved over several years of experience as technically,

environmentally and socially appropriate specially for infrastructure
development in Nepal.
Mostly used for local infrastructure development
Very cost effective and sustainable
Eg: Green road concept of Nepal
LEP
Labour based
 Hand tools and small equipment are used
 Local employment
 Local skill development
 Local income generation and livelihood improvement

Environment friendly
 Natural environment is conserved as much as possible
 Simple mitigation measures
 Sustainability

Participatory
 local interests and opinions are incorporated into the design and implementation of the schemes
 Ownership
 Public contribution
COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT

What is community ?
Group of people with unique shared values, behaviors and artifacts
Common interest
Sense of shared purpose and fate
Common set of needs
COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT

The management of common resource or issues through the collective action of

volunteers and stakeholders.
The resource managed can be either material or informational
Community Management is the discipline of ensuring that communities are
productive
Strong interlinking relationships between a significant percentage of members
Common pool problem
Eg: Common grazing, water rights, fisheries
RESPONSIBILITIES IN COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT
Define scope, outcomes and boundaries
Ensure participants receive more value than they contribute
Promote, encourage and reward productive behaviours
Discourage and limit destructive behaviours
Facilitate constructive disagreement and conflicts
Advocate for the community and its members
Monitor, measure and report
In some cases the task of managing a physical resource may be delegated
to a specialist professional called a community manager
ENGINEERS ROLE AS FACILITATORS
Facilitator: a person who helps somebody do something more easily by
discussing problems, giving advice, etc. rather than telling them what to do
The Engineers role in the community management development project are as
follows:
 Action plans
 Build trust and relationships
 Key task guiding a group to use its knowledge, skills and potential to achieve its goals
 Helping by making the processes easier
 Guiding rather than directing
 Look at how you do something rather than what to do
 Empowering the group
KEY FEATURES OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
POLICIES OF NEPAL

Nepal is least developed country with its low per capita GDP of USD 320
Four-fifth of its land form comprises of hills and mountains
80 percent of its population live in the rural areas
Thirty percent of the people live below the poverty line
45 % of the population are unable to read and write
The rural areas lack minimum physical facilities
The major challenge for Government of Nepal is to provide adequate
infrastructure to these remote and scattered settlements
KEY FEATURES OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
POLICIES OF NEPAL

Development strategies in Nepal

 Top-down development
 Bottom-up development
TOP DOWN DEVELOPMENT

• Where decision about development are made bt government or by private

companies
• The decision are enforced on people
• The local have very little say
• The argument goes that people gain from ‘trickle down’ effects
 Tactical, limited coverage
 Delayed return on investment
 Lower impact to overall organization
 Higher development cost
BOTTOM UP DEVELOPMENT

 Where decision about development are made by the locals people

 They get support from outside organizations but decision are not
enforced on them
 High development coverage in early phases
 Earlier return on investment
 High visibility of organizational changes
 Higher impact to organization
KEY FEATURES OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
POLICIES OF NEPAL

Local infrastructure development policies

 Rural transport
 Rural drinking water and sanitation
 Rural electrification
 Small and middle size irrigation programs
 Solid waste management
 Rural housing and township program
 Social infrastructures like community buildings, health-posts, school buildings etc
KEY FEATURES OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
POLICIES OF NEPAL
KEY FEATURES OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
POLICIES OF NEPAL
KEY FEATURES OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
POLICIES OF NEPAL

Legal framework
 Infrastructure development has remained a priority of the government from the
beginning of the first five year plan.
 Many rules, regulations and guidelines have been developed
 Policy documents have been passed and practiced so as to streamline the direction
of the development
KEY FEATURES OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
POLICIES OF NEPAL
Acts, Regulations, policy frameworks
which have been brought in are as
follows:
 Road sector policy 1999
Public Roads Act, 2031
 Public Infrastructure Build, Operate and Transfer Policy 2057
Local self Governance Act 2054 and Regulations 2055
 Priority Investment Plan 1997-2007
Public procurement Acts 2063 and Regulations 2064
 Priority Investment Plan 2007-2017
Contract Act, 2023 and 2058
 The Department of Roads strategy 1995
Construction Industry Act 2055
 Road maintenance training policy 2001
Private Investment in Infrastructure, Build and Operate
Ordinance 2060  Human Resource Development Policy and Strategy 2002
BOOT Acts 2063 and Regulations 2064  Bridge maintenance Plicy, 2004
Roads Board Act 2059  Consulting Industry Acts
Engineering Council Acts and Regulations 2057
KEY FEATURES OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
POLICIES OF NEPAL
Major Policy Frame work of the Government for Rural Infrastructure
Development
The local government units are operated based on local self-government Act 2055
GoN has promulgated Local Infrastructure Development Policy 2061 to develop local
infrastructures needed for rural development
Ministry of Local Develoment is the central Government Agency to take care of this
business of liasoning(Communicate among two or more groups)
Engineering department named the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and
Agricultural Roads (DoLIDAR) takes into account for all kinds of engineering technical
matters.
More numbers of foreign bilateral and multilateral donor agencies are also financially and
technically assisting for local infrastructure development in Nepal.
Nepal Agriculture Perspective Plan, APP(1997-2017)
 Engine of growth will be agriculture
 APP identified four key component of investment viz Roads & Power, Irrigation, Agriculture
Technology and Use of Chemical Fertilizer.
 Top priority for development of huge network of rural agricultural roads
 Installation of shallow tube wells to harness easily available groundwater at lower cost in the Terai
 The APP offers
 Fast growth track that will bring rural prosperity
 Rapid decline in poverty
 Diffused urbanization
 An improved environment
National Transport Policy of Nepal 2001
Principle objective: To develop a reliable, cost effective, safe facility oriented and sustainable
transport system that promoted and sustains the economic, social, cultural and tourism
development of Nepal as a whole.
The strategy demarcate responsibility between central and local levels and decentralized
governance system by utilizing the local level resources and private sector involvement.
Central road system: National highways, Feeder roads and road with special objectives.
Local road system: District roads, village roads, agriculture roads, urban roads within
municipalities and town development boards
A 20 YEAR ROAD PLAN (2002-2022)
 Ministry of Physical Planning and Works has introduced a 20- Year road plan
 Five objectives set for the plan are:
 To strengthen political and administrative linkages
 To alleviate poverty
 To develop and utilize social, economic and cultural potentials
 To minimize total transportation cost
 To minimize adverse effects on the environment
 A total of 4040 Km roads are to be newly built
 Connecting all district headquarters by roads
 Providing links to district headquarters with adjacent road network of the neighbouring country
 Adopting philosophy of stage construction
 Adopting environment friendly green road approach: Using local resources, local man power
 Minimizing traffic congestion and delays
Priority Investment Plan 1997
 Department of Roads prepared a 20- year perspective plan for the period 1965-1985
which served as a guideline for the development of roads
 After the expiry of the plan, need for the second plan was realized
 In the mean time a 10- year master plan for the prioritised roads was undertaken again
with assistance of the World Bank called Priority Investment Plan (PIP) for the period of
1997-2007
 Recommendations of the PIP are to concentrate on maintenance of the existing road
network, with modest expansion
Local Self Government Act 1999 and Regulations 2000
 Nepal has two-tier system of governance viz Central and Local
 Local government units:
 Village Development Committees (VDCs)
 District Development Committees (DDCs)
 Municipalities

 Local bodies are governed by a separate Local Self- Governance Act 1999
 Local bodies have institutional responsibilities, rights and power necessary to formulate
and carry out plans at local level as per their needs, priorities and demands