Main components of any structure

1 Design
2.Material
3. Construction methodology
4. History of use & maintenance
 1. Faulty design /Inadequate design
2. In adequate detailing
3. Material not satisfying specifications
4. Improper/Bad workmanship during
construction
5. Natural wear and tear
.
6. Non-engineered maintenance
7. Change of usage pattern
8. Atmospheric action over the period
 Load transfer Mechanism:
SLAB

BEAM

COLUMN

FOUNDATION
1.LOAD ON BEAM IS GREATER THAN SLAB
2. LOAD ON COLUMN IS MORE THAN BEAM
One way slab: ly/lx > 2

lx
ly

lx
2 Way slab: ly/lx< 2
 Main bar( Bottom)

Deflected
shape
Span
Distribution
bar( Top)
“quantity of steel is different in different structural elements because load (tensile
force) taken by different element are different”.
As an example- Load on beam is slightly greater than load on slab so, steel
quantity in beam is slightly more than slab. Likewise in every structural elements.
Therefore,
Slab /lintel——0.7 to 1.0% (0.7%x7850=55 to 78.5kg)/m^3
Columns_______0.8 to 4.0% (.8%x7850= 62.80 to
471kg)/m^3
Beam __________1.0 to 2.0% (1%x7850=78.5 to
157kg)/m^3
Foundation____ 0.5 to 0.8% (0.5%x7850=39.25 to
62.80)/m^3
In most cases we do not go beyond 4%(314kg/m^3)
reinforcement in Column because”it will become difficult to
pour concrete and compact it”.
To get the exact quantity of steel we must design the element
based on Standard codes guidelines.
Axial Capcity of short column under compression,
Pu=0.4fck. Ac+ 0.67 fy Asc
Consider fck = 25N/mm^2,
Minimum un-factored compressive load capacity of
short column neglecting reinforcement contribution :
P = (0.4x25x BxD )/1.5= 6.67xBXD
i.e, 6.67 Times Column Area (N).
B in mm, D in mm
NOTE: Column load can not be concentric or there
must be some moment at least due to eccentricity.
So negelecting reinforcement contrbution,it is a safe
approximation for size fixation in architectural
drawing.
 Total Dead & Live load on Floor for interior column
= 1.5 to 2.0 T/m^2 on column I.A
 Total Dead & Live load on Floor for exterior column

= 2.0 to 2.5 T/m^2 on column I.A

Example:
Load on a Ext. Column of I.A 10 m^2 of a 4-storied bldg.(5-Slabs)
= 2.0x10x5 = 100 Ton ( P )
Approx. Size of Column: 6.67 X BXD= 100x 10^4. So, B x D =
100x10^4/6.67 = 149925mm^2
If we assume B = 250mm then ,D= 149925/250 = 599
Start design with 250x600 column size. If you want Square Column -
-- Sq. Rt of 149925
Say 400x400 column will be adequate.
Thank you