Radiation Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer
CHE F241
2018-2019, Semester II
Equations and tables for calculating total
energy radiated
• Fraction of total energy radiated between 0 and λ, (amount of
energy radiated from a blackbody in the specified wavlelength
range)

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From the Planck’s quantum concept,

• The integrals in above equation can be expressed in terms of a

single variable λT. Table 8-1 lists the values
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Radiant energy emitted between two
wavelengths

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Example 8-1 (Solved problem)
• 30 cm square glass plate used for viewing radiation from a furnace.
• Transmissivity of glass is 0.5 from 0.2 to 3.5 um. The transmissivity of
the glass is zero, except in the range from 0.2 to 3.5 μm.
• Emissivity may be assumed to be 0.3 up to 3.5 μm and 0.9 above
that.
• Assuming that the furnace is a blackbody at 2000◦C, calculate the
energy absorbed in the glass and the energy transmitted. 3
Solution
From Table 8-1

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Total radiant energy between 0 and infinity:

Incident radiation on glass

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Solution

• Radiation absorbed between 0 and 3.5 um (emissivity is given

as 0.3 between the total wavelengths) and 3.5 um to infinity
(emissivity is 0.9 beyond 3.5 um)

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Transmission of heat flux

Problem: 8.1
Fused quartz transmits 90% of the incident thermal radiation

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between 0.2 and 4 um. Suppose a certain heat source is viewed
through a quartz window. What heat flux in W will be transmitted
through the material from blackbody radiation sources at 800o C,
550C?

Ans: 35.9 kW/m2

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 8.7
Assuming solar radiation is like a blackbody at 5795K, calculate

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the fraction of energy in the following bands of wavelength
(a) 0-0.2 um (b) 0.2-0.4 um (c) 0.4-1 um, (d) 1-2 um, (e) >2 um

Ans: 0.0015, 0.1235, 0.596, 0.219, 0.06

8
Radiation shape factor

• Radiation factor/view factor/angle factor/configuration factor

• Fm-n = fraction of energy leaving surface m and reaching surface n

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• Energy leaving surface m and arriving at n is EbmAmFmn

• If the surfaces are black, all the incident radiation will be absorbed
and net energy exchange is
• EbmAmFmn-EbnAnFnm=Qm-n
• If both surfaces are at the same T, then Qm-n=0 and T1=T2 so Ebm=Ebn
• and AmFmn=AnFnm (reciprocity equation)
• Net heat exchange using the reciprocity equation:
Qm-n=AmFmn(Ebm-Ebn)

• Radiation shape factors for various geometries are given in figures 9

8.12-8.16 and table 8.2
Radiation shape factor

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10
Relations between shape factors

• Some useful relations between shape factors may be obtained

by considering the system shown . Suppose that the shape
factor for radiation from A3 to the combined area A1,2 is

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desired.

11
The total radiation arriving at surface 3
is the sum of the radiations from
surfaces 1 and 2
Relations between shape factors

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All shape factors except F1−4 may be
determined.

A1

A1

An assumption made here is that the surfaces do not “see themselves”

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i.e., F11=F22=F33=…=0
Problems- Shape factors

8.13. Find F1-2 (a-Ans: 0.12)

(b- Ans- 0.01)

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8.18

(Ans: 0.595) 13
Emissive power

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Heat transfer between black bodies

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• Ans: 566 W

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Heat exchange between non-blackbodies

• For blackbodies, once the shape factor is calculated, the calculation

of HT is simple
• For non-blackbodies, all the energy striking the surface is not

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absorbed
• Part of it may be reflected to another HT surface
• Part of it may be reflected out of the system
• Radiant energy may be reflected back and forth several times!
• Assume diffuse reflection and uniform T and constant reflective and
emissive properties
• G = irradiation (total radiation incident per unit time per unit area)
• J = radiosity (total radiation which leaves a surface per unit time per
unit area) = sum of emitted energy and reflected energy
• Assume G and J are uniform over each surface (for simplicity) and no 16
transmission
Net energy leaving

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I=V/R
Exchange of radiant energy

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Radiation network method
To construct a network for a particular radiation heat-transfer problem
we need only connect a “surface resistance” to each surface and a
“space resistance” between the radiosity potentials.

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For example, two surfaces that exchange heat with each other
and nothing else would be represented by the network

In this case the net heat transfer would be the overall potential
difference divided by the sum of the resistances:

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Three network problem
In this case each of the bodies exchanges heat with the other two. The
heat exchange between body 1 and body 2 would be

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between body 1 and body 3,

The values of the radiosities may be calculated, by performing

standard methods of analysis used in dc circuit theory.

The most convenient method is an application of Kirchhoff’s 20

current law to the circuit, which states that the sum of the
currents entering a node is zero.
Insulated surfaces and surfaces with large
areas
• A perfectly insulated surface
• re-radiates all the incident energy

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• Zero heat flow
• Zero potential difference across the surface resistance
• J=Eb
• In effect, the node J does not draw any current
• A surface with very large area has a surface resistance
approaching zero which makes it behave like a blackbody
• This too will have J=Eb because of zero surface resistance

• So both these cases have J=Eb but for different reasons

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Insulated surface

• Consider two flat surfaces exchanging heat with one another but
connected by a third surface which does not exchange heat, i.e., one
which is perfectly insulated.

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• The 3rd surface influences HT, as it absorbs and re-radiates energy to
the other two surfaces
• A surface resistance exists, but no potential difference
J3=Eb3

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holds true
Solved Problem

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Solution

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Solution

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Problem-Radiation network

8.24
Two parallel disks, 60 cm in diameter are separated by a distance

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of 15 cm and completely surrounded by a large enclosure at
100oC. The properties of the surfaces are T1=540oC, ϵ1=0.7,
T2=300oC, ϵ2=0.5

What is the net radiant heat transfer with each surface?

Do not include HT from the other side, only the surfaces facing
each other.

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Ans:
Infinite planes

• Two infinite parallel planes

• Areas are equal, shape factor can be considered to be 1 (since all

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radiation leaving one plane reaches the other)

A1= A2 and F12 = 1

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Infinite planes
• Two long concentric cylinders
• Areas are not equal but F12=1

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• If a convex object is enclosed in a very large concave surface, then
A1/A20 so that

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 Apparent emissivity of a Cavity

• Cavity with internal concave surface area Ai

• Radiates through opening with area Ao

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• Cavity exchanges energy with surroundings (apparent
emissivity ϵa)
• Foi=1 (Imaginary surface Ao exchanging heat with Ai)
• AoFoi=AiFio
• Fio=Fis so AiFis=Ao A0 Ai

As>>>Ao

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Go through Example 8-9

Radiation shields
• To reduce heat transfer between parallel surfaces
• Added resistance in heat flow path

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Radiation shields

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Multiple shields
• More the number of shields, greater the resistance
• What happens if the shield is black?
• Multiple shields

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 Radiation HT coefficient
• In situations when both convection and radiation need to be
considered, HT due to radiation can be expressed via the familiar
form
Radiation shield

8.64

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Ans: 65%

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Convection and radiation
8.33

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• Ans: 5323 W

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Apparent emmisivity

• 8.44

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