Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Reproduction
• One of the characteristics of life.
• Biological process in which new individual
organisms are produced, may be sexual or
asexual.
– Sexual reproduction involves the union of
gametes through fertilization.
– Asexual reproduction involves the creation of
cloned offspring from a parent organism.
Angiosperm Flowers
Sepal FERTILIZATION
Petal
Egg (n)
Sperm (n)
Receptacle
Zygote
Mature sporophyte
(2n)
plant (2n)
(a) Structure of an idealized flower Key
Simple fruit
(b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle
Anther Stigma Carpel
Stamen
Style
Filament Ovary
Sepal
Petal
Receptacle
FERTILIZATION
Egg (n)
Sperm (n) Endosperm
(3n)
Mature sporophyte
Key plant (2n) Zygote
(2n)
Haploid (n) Seed
Germinating
Diploid (2n) seed
Seed
Embryo (2n)
(sporophyte)
Simple fruit
Flower Structure and Function
Adapted for
wind
pollination
Chemical
signal: Odor
attracts flies
Fly egg
Blowfly on carrion flower
Pollination by Birds Nectar = chemical attractant
FERTILIZATION
Egg (n)
Sperm (n) Endosperm
(3n)
Mature sporophyte
Key plant (2n) Zygote
(2n)
Haploid (n) Seed
Germinating
Diploid (2n) seed
Seed
Embryo (2n)
(sporophyte)
Simple fruit
Double Fertilization
Pollen tube
2 sperm
Style
Ovary
Micropyle Egg
Embryo Sac in the Ovule
Ovule
Polar nuclei
Egg
Synergid
2 sperm
Double Fertilization:
Endosperm
nucleus (3n)
(2 polar nuclei
plus sperm)
Zygote (2n)
(egg plus sperm)
Seed Development, Form, and Function
Radicle
2 Cotyledons
Seed coat
Endosperm
Cotyledons
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Radicle
Endosperm
Coleoptile Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Coleorhiza
Radicle
Hypocotyl
Radicle
Cotyledons
Endosperm
Coleoptile
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Coleorhiza
Radicle
types of Cotyledon
Epicotyl
seed Hypocotyl
Hypocotyl
Radicle
Seed coat
(a) Common garden bean
Foliage leaves
Coleoptile
Coleoptile
Radicle
(b) Maize - corn
Foliage leaves
Cotyledon
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Cotyledon Cotyledon
Hypocotyl
Hypocotyl
Radicle
Seed coat
Foliage leaves
Coleoptile
Coleoptile
Radicle
Fruit Form and Function
Stamen
Sepal
Stigma Ovary
Ovule (in receptacle)
Ovule
Pea flower Raspberry flower Pineapple inflorescence Apple flower
Each segment Remains of
Carpel develops stamens and styles
(fruitlet) from the
Stigma Sepals
Seed carpel
Ovary of one
flower
Stamen
Seed
Receptacle
Pea fruit Raspberry fruit Pineapple fruit Apple fruit
(a) Simple fruit (b) Aggregate fruit (c) Multiple fruit (d) Accessory fruit
• Fruit dispersal mechanisms include:
– Water
– Wind
– Animals
Coconut
Dispersal by Wind
Tumbleweed
Dispersal by Animals
Barbed fruit
Seeds in feces
(a) Sagittaria latifolia staminate flower (left) and carpellate flower (right)
Stamens Styles
Styles Stamens
Stamens Styles
Styles Stamens
50 µm
Humans modify crops by breeding and genetic
engineering
• Humans have intervened in the reproduction
and genetic makeup of plants for thousands of
years.
• Hybridization is common in nature and has
been used by breeders to introduce new
genes.
• Maize, a product of artificial selection, is a
staple in many developing countries.
Ordinary rice
The Debate over Plant Biotechnology