Welcome

NETWORK PROTOCOLS
IP ADDRESSING AND
SUBNETTING
By Brown Samita
#networkEngineer
Objectives
• What is a network protocol
• What are the specific protocols at each layer of the TCP/IP Protocol
suite and their functions
• IP addresses (public and private)
• Subnetting
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Application Layer Telnet, ssh, http, https, FTP, TFTP,
SNMP,SMTP,DHCP,APIPA,POP3,DNS

Transport Layer UDP,TCP

Network Layer IPv4, IPv6, OSPF,RIP,BGP,ICMP

Data Link Layer Ethernet, PPP Frame relay, HDLC, Token Ring

Physical Layer RJ45, USB,CABLES

Application Layer
Telnet
This is an application layer that allows a telnet user to access resources or communicate with a remote computer
You access the remote device by telneting the IP address of the remote machine e.g. Telnet 192.168.10.100
It uses TCP port 23
Its less used because it sends messages as clear texts

Secure Shell (SSH)

Application protocol that works as telnet but the message is encrypted so its secure from
eavesdropping
Use PuTTY to access the remote device
TCP Port number22
Application protocol cont.

File Transfer protocol (ftp)

Protocol used to transfer files between machines on a TCP/IP network
It supports authentication but data is send as clear text including user names and password
To use it have a client program like Filezilla
• Uses TCP port 20 and 21
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Works like FTP expect that is only used to send and receive data between two machines ,it doesn’t
support authentication text is clear text
use UDP port 69
Application protocol cont.
 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
• collects and manipulates valuable network information, It gathers data by polling the devices on
the network from a network management station (NMS) at intervals even asking for certain
information from the device.
• UDP port 161
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• It’s used to manage communications between web browsers and web servers and helps to
download webpages
• Tcp port 80
Application Layer cont.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is also known as Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It
uses Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
• Use TCP port 443
Network Time Protocol (NTP)
• works by synchronizing devices to ensure that all computers on a given network agree on the
time . (Dbs and transactions)
• Use UDP port 123
Domain Name Service (DNS)
resolves hostnames into specific IP addresses ( ping> www.mmust.ac.ke )
Use UDP port 53
Application Layer cont.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• assigns IP addresses to hosts automatically on a network
Ip address, subnet mask, default gateway
DHCP DISCOVER DHCP OFFER DHCP REQUEST DHCP ACK
DCHP Server UDP 67, Dhcp client UDP 68
 Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
DHCP server isn’t available and hosts automatically configure themselves with ip addresses and subnet
mask.
APIPA is 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254.
POP3
Used to retrieve mails from the mail server
TCP PORT 110
TRANSPORT LAYER PROTCOLS
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• TCP is a full-duplex, connection-oriented, reliable, and accurate protocol,
Provides reliable transmission because of the concept of acknowledgement
SYN ACK/SYN ACK
http,ftp,telnet,ssh
UDP
Used for connectionless transmission.
Provides unreliable transmission
DNS,VoiP,DHCP ,DNS
TCP vs UDP
Internet /Network Layer Protocols
Internet Protocol (ip)
Provides routing and addressing
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Protocol that reports errors and provides information related to ip packet
processing for instance host is not reachable
• Ping Packet Internet Groper (Ping) uses ICMP echo request and reply
messages to check the physical and logical connectivity of machines on
an internetwork.
• Traceroute Using ICMP time-outs, Traceroute is used to discover the
path a packet takes as it traverses an internetwork.
Network Layer/ Internet Layer protocol
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Finds Media Access Control (MAC) addresses to respective known ip
addresses
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol ( RARP)
Finds IP addresses from known MAC addresses
Data Link Layer Protocols
Ethernet
Family of LAN standards that together define the physical and data link layers
of the world popular wired LAN Technology
IEEE 802.3
High Level Data Link Control(HDLC)
Controls the correct delivery of data over a physical link of a particular type
Point to Point Protocol- Used to establish direction connection between
two nodes
Token Ring – IEEE 802.5 - All computers are connected on ring and passes
one or more token from one host to another and only host with a token is
allowed to communicate. Fairness among hosts
 IP ADDRESSES
Private IP and Public ip

CLASS 1ST OCTECT RANGE VALID IP ADDRESSES

A 1-126 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0
B 128-191 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0
C 192-223 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0

D 224-239 multicast
E 240-255 Reserved
Classful and Classesless
• Classful The term classful IP network refers to any Class A, B, or C
network, because it is defined by Class A, B, and C rules.
Given