THREE-PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR

1
 Three-phase induction motors are the most common
and frequently encountered machines in industry
 It can be considered to be the cheapest motor.
 It is rugged and requires less maintenance.
 It is simple in design.
 It gives reliable operation.
 Its efficiency is very high.
 It is easy to control
 It runs at constant speed from zero to full load

Electrical Machines 2
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUCTION
MOTOR
Depending on the rotor construction, induction motor
can be classified into two categories:
 Squirrel-cage induction motor.
 Slip-ring induction motor or wound rotor induction
motor.
Depending on the number of phases it can be classified
as:
 Single-phase induction motor
 Three-phase induction motor

Electrical Machines 3
CONSTRUCTION
Squirrel cage type:
Rotor winding is composed of copper bars embedded in the
rotor slots and shorted at both end by end rings
Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance

Wound rotor type:

Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding terminals can be
connected to external circuits through slip rings and brushes.
Easy to control speed, more expensive.

Electrical Machines 4
CONSTRUCTION
The three basic parts of an AC motor are the
rotor, stator, and enclosure.
 A stationary stator
 consisting of a steel frame that supports
a hollow, cylindrical core
 core, constructed from stacked
laminations, having a number of evenly
spaced slots, providing the space for the
stator winding
Electrical Machines 5
Electrical Machines 6
CONSTRUCTION
 A revolving rotor
 composed of punched laminations, stacked to
create a series of rotor slots, providing space for
the rotor winding
 one of two types of rotor windings
 conventional 3-phase windings made of
insulated wire similar to the winding on the
stator
 aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends
by two aluminum rings, forming a squirrel-cage
shaped circuit.

Electrical Machines 7
Electrical Machines 8
Squirrel Cage Rotor

induction motor 9
 Slip Ring Rotor

•The rotor contains windings similar to stator.

•The connections from rotor are brought out using slip rings that
are rotating with the rotor and carbon brushes that are static.

induction motor 10
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
When a 3 phase stator winding is connected to a 3 phase
voltage supply, 3 phase current will flow in the
windings, which also will induced 3 phase flux in the
stator. These flux will rotate at a speed called a
Synchronous Speed, ns. The flux is called as Rotating
magnetic Field.
Synchronous speed is given by the expression

Where p = is the number of poles, and

f = the frequency of supply
Electrical Machines 11
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor
windings and produces an induced voltage
in the rotor windings
 Due to the fact that the rotor windings are
short circuited, for both squirrel cage and
wound-rotor, and induced current flows in
the rotor windings
 The rotor current produces another
magnetic field
 A torque is produced as a result of the
interaction of those two magnetic fields
Electrical Machines 12
SLIP
The rotor speed of an Induction machine is different from
the speed of Rotating magnetic field. The % difference
of the speed is called slip.

Where; ns = synchronous speed (rpm)

nr = mechanical speed of rotor (rpm)

If the rotor runs at synchronous speed, s = 0. If the

rotor is stationary, s = 1

Electrical Machines 13
Effect of slip on rotor frequency
Where fr is the
rotor
frequency, Er2 is
the rotor emf,
Effect of slip on rotor induced e.m.f.
R2, X2 and Z2 is
the rotor
Effect of slip on rotor resistance, resistance,
reactance and impedance reactance and
impedance
respectively.
f is the supply
frequency, E2 is
the standstill
Electrical Machines
e.m.f. 14
TORQUE EQUATION OF A THREE-
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
The torque of a three-phase induction motor
depends on the following factors:
 Rotor current (I2)
 Power factor of the rotor circuit
 Flux which links with the rotor (φ)

or

Electrical Machines 15
Torque Equation for Induction
Motor in Running Condition

Where,

Electrical Machines 16
TORQUE SLIP CHARACTERISTICS
 When slip s = 0, Nr = Ns. Under this condition, the
motor stops. So the torque (T) at this value of s is zero.
This shows that the torque slip characteristics starts
from the origin.
 For smaller values of slip, the torque is directly
proportional to the slip.
 For larger values of slip, the torque is inversely
proportional to slip.

Electrical Machines 17
TORQUE SLIP CHARACTERISTICS

Electrical Machines 18
RATIO BETWEEN FULL-LOAD
TORQUE AND MAXIMUM TORQUE

Where Tfl is the full load torque Tmax

is the maximum torque sfl is the slip
at full load and s is the slip at
m

maximum torque.

Electrical Machines 19
RATIO BETWEEN STARTING
TORQUE AND MAXIMUM TORQUE

Where Tst is the starting torque Tmax

is the maximum torque, s is the slipm

at maximum torque.

Electrical Machines 20
EFFECT OF ROTOR RESISTANCE ON
TORQUE–SLIP CHARACTERISTIC

Electrical Machines 21