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Radioactivity
AQA GCSE Physics pages 94 to 105
AQA GCSE Science pages 298 to 309
Skills, knowledge and understanding of how science works set in the context of:
• The basic structure of an atom is a small central nucleus composed of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons.
• The atoms of an element always have the same number of protons, but have a different number of neutrons for each
isotope.
• Some substances give out radiation from the nuclei of their atoms all the time, whatever is done to them. These
substances are said to be radioactive.
• Identification of an alpha particle as a helium nucleus, a beta particle as an electron from the nucleus and gamma
radiation as electromagnetic radiation.
• Properties of the alpha, beta and gamma radiations limited to their relative ionising power, their penetration through
materials and their range in air.
• Alpha and beta radiations are deflected by both electric and magnetic fields but gamma radiation is not.
• The uses of and the dangers associated with each type of nuclear radiation.
• The half-life of a radioactive isotope is defined as the time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope in a sample
to halve or the time it takes for the count rate from a sample containing the isotope to fall to half its initial level.
Atomic structure
An atom consists of a small
central nucleus composed
of protons and neutrons
surrounded by electrons.
protons
neutrons
electrons
Atomic and mass number
The atomic number of
an atom is equal to the protons = 3
number of protons in its neutrons = 4
nucleus. electrons = 3
PROTON nucleus 1 +1
NEUTRON nucleus 1 0
outside
ELECTRON
nucleus 0.005 -1
Isotopes
The atoms of an element always have the same number
of protons.
Note: The number after ‘hydrogen’ is the mass number of the isotope.
Radioactivity
The atoms of some
substances are unstable and
they give out radiation from
their nuclei all the time,
whatever is done to them.
These substances are said to
be radioactive.
Hans
Geiger
Alpha, beta and gamma radiation
An alpha particle is the same as a helium
nucleus.
It consists of two protons and two neutrons.
WORD SELECTION:
alpha protons electrons isotopes
beta nucleus neutrons radioactive
Simulations
Build an atom - eChalk
Atomic Structure Quiz - by KT - Microsoft WORD
Hidden Pairs Game on Atomic Structure - by KT - Microsoft WORD
Types of Radiation - S-Cool section on types of radiations including an
animation of absorption and a couple of decay equations to fill in on
screen.
Andy Darvill's Radioactivity Pages
Understanding Radiation - National Radiological Protection Board -
Useful starting point to get at useful areas of the site.
BBC Bitesize Revision:
Introduction Page to AQA Radioactive Substances
Atoms & Isotopes
Alpha, beta & gamma radiation - what they are
Penetrating power of radiations - includes applet - also see page on
detecting radiations (two after)
Observing nuclear radiation
Notes questions from pages 94/298 & 95/299
1. (a) What is radioactivity? (b) How was it first discovered? (c) How
is it detected nowadays?
2. (a) How did Marie Curie advance our knowledge of radioactivity?
(b) What did it cost her?
3. List the three first types of radioactivity discovered and state how
they differ from each other.
4. (a) Why do some atoms decay? (b) Why is the word ‘random’
used in the context of radioactivity?
5. Copy and answer questions (a), (b) and (c) on pages 94/298 and
95/299.
6. Copy the Key Points on page 95/299.
7. Answer the summary questions on page 95/299.
Observing nuclear radiation
ANSWERS
S
opposite charges.
Due to their much larger
mass alpha particles are
deflected far less than beta.
Gamma rays are not
Magnetic south pole
placed behind the rays
deflected because they are
not charged.
Deflection by electric fields
- - - Alpha and beta particles are
deflected in opposite
directions due to their
opposite charges.
Due to their much larger
mass alpha particles are
deflected far less than beta.
400
A more accurate
300 value can be
200
obtained be
repeating this
100 method for a other
half-life
initial nuclei
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 numbers and then
time (seconds)
taking an average.
Question 1
Estimate the half-life of 900
activity (Bq)
600
opposite.
500
400
The half-life is 300
approximately 20 200
half-life
seconds 100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time (seconds)
Question 2
The count rate of a radioactive substance over a 8 hour
period is shown in the table below.
Draw a graph of count rate against time and use it to
determine the half-life of the substance.
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(hours)
Counts per 650 493 373 283 214 163 123 93 71
minute
WORD SELECTION:
half-life detectable radioactive gamma beta penetrate tracer
Simulations
Various Radioactive Materials in the Home - 'Whys Guy'
Video Clip (4:30mins)
Andy Darvill's Radioactivity Pages
Understanding Radiation - National Radiological
Protection Board - Useful starting point to get at useful
areas of the site.
Radon Gas - National Radiological Protection Board
BBC Bitesize Revision:
Using radiation - tracers & thickness measurement -
includes applet showing sheet rolling application
Test bite on Radioactive Sources
Radioactivity at work
Notes questions from pages 100/304 & 101/305
1. Copy Figure 1 on page 100/304 and explain how radioactivity is
used in thickness control.
2. Copy and answer questions (a) and (b) on page 100/304.
3. (a) Describe one way of using a radioactive tracer for medical
treatment. (b) Why should such a tracer be a gamma emitter with
a half-life of a few days. (c) What other properties should the tracer
isotope have?
4. Explain what is meant by (a) carbon and (b) uranium dating.
5. Describe how a smoke alarm works.
6. Copy and answer questions (c) and (d) on page 101/305.
7. Copy the Key Points on page 101/305.
8. Answer the summary questions on page 101/305.
Radioactivity at work
ANSWERS
In text questions: Summary questions:
(a) The detector reading 1. (a) Beta
increases and the (b) Beta or gamma
pressure from the (c) Beta
rollers is decreased.
(b) Alpha radiation would 2. (a) It needs to be
be stopped by the foil. detectable outside the
Gamma radiation would body, non-toxic, have a
pass through it without short half-life (1 to 24
any absorption. hours) and decay into a
stable product.
(c) B (b) 11 200 years old.
(d) It was formed recently
(in geological terms).
Radioactivity issues
Notes questions from pages 102/306 & 103/307