Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
ROUTHU SATYANARAYANA
CHIEF ENGINEER (Retired.)
FORMER ADVISOR, GOVERNMENT OF A.P
Canal & Design Principles
Introduction:
Irrigation is the process of artificially supplying water to soil for raising crops. It is a
science of planning and designing an efficient, low cost, economic irrigation system
tailored to fit natural conditions.
It includes the study and design of works in connection with river control, drainage,
and hydraulic power generation.
The source of water for irrigation is precipitation.
Artificial irrigation can be divided into lift irrigation and flow irrigation.
Irrigation schemes consist of storage or diversion structures and canal distribution
system.
Canal & Design Principles
Introduction:
The NagarjunaSagar Scheme (NSS) is a multipurpose project, comprising a dam
across the river Krishna and two main canals, one on either flank of the river.
Besides providing irrigation water supplies to 8, 95,547 ha of parched lands.
It is the largest and highest stone masonry dam in the world.
The construction of the dam was commenced in 1957 and completed by 1970.
Erection of Spillway radial gates was completed during 1973-74.
The dam comprises 1450m long gravity masonry dam flanked by 2560m long earth
dam on the left side and 853m long earth dam on the right side.
The maximum height of the main dam above the deepest bed level of +59.74m is
124.66m. The top of the dam is +184.40m in masonry dam and +185.93m in earth
dam portions.
The Spillway is 471m long with crest level at +166.420m and top of the 26 numbers
of radial crest gates of size 13.72m x 13.41m each is at +179.83m.The Spillway can
tackle a maximum flood discharge of 45,306 cumec (1.60 million cusec).
Canal & Design Principles
Introduction:
Nagarjunasagar canal system:
The NagarjunaSagar Canal System is one of the largest in India.
• Two canals run on contour, take off from each flank.
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Introduction:
(B). The modernization works will comprise the following:
• Construction of measuring devices in main canals, branch canals, majors, and
in the entire distribution system (minors/ sub – minors),
Introduction:
• Aqueducts,
• Syphons Aqueducts,
(cont…)
Cross Drainage (CD) & Cross Masonry Works
Definition:
Works which are constructed to control and regulate the discharges, depths,
velocities etc, to ensure efficient function of the Canal system are known as
canal regulation works or Cross Masonry (CM) works.
• Control Structures:
• Head Regulators,
• Cross Regulators,
• Sluices,
• Escapes,
• Canal Falls or drops,,
• Canal Outlets and Modules,
• Silt Ejectors.
(cont…..)
Cross Drainage (CD) & Cross Masonry Works
Definition:
Communication and Service Structures:
• Weirs
• Drops or falls.
Canal & Design Principles
Definition:
A canal is an artificial channel, trapezoidal in shape to carry water
to the field from a source, such as a reservoir, river or a tank.
• The motive force in the flow of an open channel is the slope of the water
surface
• The water flows from higher level to lower level by virtue of gravity.
• The resistance in the canal are surface tension, atmospheric pressure, surface
friction at the bottom and sides.
Canal & Design Principles
Canal Alignment:
• The canal has to be aligned in such a way that it covers the
entire area proposed to be irrigated with the shortest possible
length and at the same time its cost includes the cost of Cross
Drainage and Cross Masonry works and they are the minimum.
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Canals & Design Principles
Design parameters:
Value of Delta in India
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Sl. No Crop Base period in days Delta in field in Hectare/cumec
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1. Rice 120 900
2. Wheat 120 1800
3. Sugar cane 360 800
4. Cotton 200 1400
5. Vegetables 120 700
6. Bajri 120 500
7. Ground –nut
8. Chilies
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Canals & Design Principles
Design parameters:
Discharge:
The discharge capacity of the canal is the maximum discharge required for the
ayacut for the given duty and the losses in the system.
• The canal has to be aligned in such a way that it covers the entire
area proposed to be irrigated with the shortest possible length and at
the same time its cost includes the cost of Cross Drainage and Cross
Masonry works and they are the minimum.
Canals & Design Principles
Design parameters:
The common procedure is to determine the Width (W) and Depth
(D) of a canal for a given discharge (Q), coefficient of rugosity, side
slopes, surface fall or bed gradient, and minimum and maximum
velocity. The formula for determine the discharge capacity of the
canal.
Discharge (Q) = A (area ) x V ( Velocity)
The Cross section of the canal will be in
• Full cutting
• Full banking or
• Partial cutting and Partial banking
Canals & Design Principles
Important Guidelines:
Alignment:
As for as possible Avoid:
• CM &CD works on curves.
• Canal Syphons
• Flume sections
• Inlets and out lets
• Skew crossings of Bridges and CM & CD works
• Provide bridges at designated roads without foregoing the available
facility.
Sluices – Discharge conditions:
• Distributaries to draw Full supply when the parent canal is running at three
fourths (3/4th) discharge at the head reach or up to the parent canal
decreases to 20% of full discharge at head.
• Distributaries to draw full supply when the parent canal is running at Half
supply(1/2) discharge at the tail end reaches, or where the parent canal
discharge is reduced to 20% of the full discharge at the head.
Canals & Design Principles
Important Guidelines:
Alignment:
Recommended Loss of head at structures:
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CM&CD works Head loss in mm
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Cross Regulator 75 to 150
Aqueduct 75 to 150
Canal Syphon 75 to 150
Measuring device 75
Bridges Not permitted
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Canals & Design Principles
Important Guidelines:
Statements:
HP (Hydraulic Particulars) statements reach wise with discharge calculations.
Design of cross sections reach wise.
Reach wise ayacut statement.
Statement of Structures with HPs reach wise
• Curves statement
• Statement of culverts and Bridges
• Statement of Regulators
• Statement of OTs
• Statement of drops
• Statement of canal/surplus escapes
• Statement of CD works
• Statement of CM works.
• Recommended Loss of head at structures:
Canals & Design Principles
Important Guidelines:
Plans and Drawings:
• LS (Longitudinal section) together with site plan with contos
showing TBL/FSL/CBL GL, reach wise CSs, HPs reach wise, TP
particulars, command boundaries survey numbers wise and,
Village wise.
• Design of cross sections reach wise.
• Condensed LS Reach wise.
• Index plan showing the head works and canal alignment with
alternatives studied, and duly marking the final alignment.
THANK YOU