First Safety Systems Training Services

‘ Your total safety solutions’

Vir M. Florendo
DOLE-BWC Safety Consultant
# 1030-26151186-0199
First Safety Systems Training Services
‘ Your total safety solutions’

FIRE PROTECTION is a science

which includes procedures for
preventing, detecting and
extinguishing fires.
It aims to protect employees and
property to assure the continuity
of a plant’s operation.
 The supervisor must be able to :

Understand the provisions of the Fire

Code, Basic Principles of Fire Safety
including the Chemistry of Fire;
Identify Fire Hazards, causes of fires,
and safeguards required to prevent
fires;
Conduct regular periodic inspections
to ensure work areas remain in a fire-
safe condition;
The supervisor must be able to :

Understand the use and operation of

fire protection equipment and systems;
Instruct employees in the procedures of
reporting fires, fighting fires, and
evacuating work areas; and
Develop a sound fire protection
education program for on and off-the-
job.
Basic Principles of Fire
BASIC PRINCIPLES

Fire is a process that emits light and

heat. In order to explain or understand
fire development, experts have devised
various fire models.
One of the earliest and simplest model
is the Fire Triangle.
To sustain most fires, three elements
must be available at the same time.

Oxygen Heat
FIRE

Fuel

Fire spreads from an ignition source to

a fuel source to other fuel sources by
Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
Conduction transfers heat through
contact with solid
materials.
Convection transfers heat through
heated air.
Radiation transfers heat through
electromagnetic waves
given off by flames.
A new theory has been developed to
explain combustion,
the Tetrahedron of Fire or the
Fire Pyramid.
For a Fire to occur, fuel, oxygen, heat
and a chemical chain reaction join in a
symbiotic relationship.
The combustion processes is usually
associated with rapid oxidation of a
fuel by oxygen in the air. If the
combustion process is confined so
pressure can increase, an explosion
can result.
A fire, then, is a combustion process
intense enough to emit heat and light.
A Fire can be classified into two general
forms or modes:
A. Flame Fire
directly burn gaseous
or vaporized fuel; the
rate of burning is
usually high and a
high temperature is
produced.
Two types of Flame Fires

Pre-mixed Flame Fires

exist in a gas burner or stove and
are relatively controllable.

Diffusion Flame Fires

refers to gases burning on mixed
vapors and air and controlling
these fires are rather difficult.
B. Surface Fires
occur on the
surface of a
solid fuel and
are often called
a “glow” or
“deep-embered
seated” fire.
Surface fires takes place at the same
temperature as do open flame fires.
The Surface Fire is represented by
the Fire Triangle -- Heat, Fuel and Air,
but no chain reaction.
The Flame Fire includes the Chemical
Chain Reaction.
Classes of Fires
The National Fire Protection Association
classifies fires according to the fuel burning.
Class A Solid combustible
materials that are not
metals, such as: wood,
paper, cloth, trash and
plastics.
Class B Flammable Liquids such as
gasoline, oil, grease and
acetone or any non-metal
in a liquid state on fire.
Classes of Fires
Class C Electrically induced fire The
principle is: as long as it is
"plugged in", it would be
considered Class C fire.

Class D Metal Fire such as potassium,

sodium, aluminum and
magnesium. Special
extinguishing agents (Metal-X,
Foam) to fight such a fire.
Mode of Extinguishing Fire
Oxygen Removal
Removing or lowering oxygen levels is difficult
because fire needs about the same amount of
oxygen for burning that human needs for
breathing.
Oxygen levels can be reduced below minimum
needed for combustion by purging and
rendering the atmosphere inert in closed
containers or processing systems. Fire
fighting foam extinguishes fires by smothering
and cooling.
Mode of Extinguishing Fire

Fuel Removal
In many cases, it is neither possible nor
practical to remove all fuels (solids or liquids).
However, try to keep the quantity of stored
combustible materials at a minimum. Storage
containers must be placed in orderly piles with
adequate aisle space.

Good Housekeeping is a crucial factor in

keeping a small accidental fire from rapidly
spreading.
Mode of Extinguishing Fire

Heat Source Control

Eliminating and controlling heat source are
elementary steps in fire prevention. Workers
can control the use of welding and cutting
equipment, torches, heating equipment,
spark-producing equipment, electricity, and
smoking materials. The time to stop a fire is
before it starts -- keep heat and ignition
away from fuel.
Fire Extinguishing
Agents
 Equipment Used to Control Fires
1. Fixed Systems:
- This includes sprinklers, hydrants,
hoses, and special pipe systems for dry
chemical, carbon dioxide, and foam.
2. Portable Fire Extinguishers:
- “Portable” is applied to manual
equipment used on small fires or in the
interim between discovery of fire and the
functioning of the automatic equipment
 Fixed Systems

Office installed with a Fire Sprinkler The valve Riser of the system
system
 Fixed Systems

Upright Nozzle Pendent Nozzle

 Hose System

Hose Reel & Cabinet Standpipe/ fireman’s connection

Outdoor Hydrants
PORTABLE FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
 PRESSURIZED WATER
Class “A” fires only.
A Trash Wood Paper
A Trash Wood Paper 2.5 gal. water at 150-175 psi (up
to 1 minute discharge time).
Has pressure gauge to allow
B Liquids Grease
B Liquids Grease visual capacity check.
30-40 ft. maximum effective
range.
C Electrical Equipment
C Electrical Equipment

Can be started and stopped as

necessary.
Extinguishes by COOLING
burning material below the
ignition point.
 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
•Class “B” or “C” fires.
•2.5-100 lb. of CO2 gas at 150-
200 psi (8-30 seconds
A Trash Wood Paper
A Trash Wood Paper
discharge time).
•Has NO pressure gauge--
capacity verified by weight.
B Liquids Grease
B Liquids Grease

•3-8 ft. maximum effective

range.
C Electrical Equipment
C Electrical Equipment •Extinguishes by smothering
burning materials.
•Effectiveness decreases as
temperature of burning
material increases.
Totally phased-out by Jan.10, 2008 as per DENR Ruling in
MULTIPURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL

•Class “A”, “B”, or “C” fires.

A Trash Wood Paper
A Trash Wood Paper
2.5-20 lb. dry chemical
(monoammonium phosphate)
pressurized to 50-200 psi by
B Liquids Grease
B Liquids Grease nitrogen gas (8-25 seconds
discharge time).
Has pressure gauge to allow
C Electrical Equipment
C Electrical Equipment visual capacity check.
5-20 ft. maximum effective
range.
Extinguishes by smothering
burning materials.
 COMBUSTIBLE METAL
•Class “D” combustible metal
fires only.
•30 lb. pressurized dry powder
optimized for specific
combustible metal (also available
in bulk containers for hand
scooping onto fire to extinguish).
•6-8 ft. maximum effective range.
•To activate, must first open
nitrogen cylinder on back to
pressurize body.
D •Extinguishes by smothering
burning materials.
Trash, Wood, WET CHEMICAL
Paper

•Class “A”, “C”, and “K” fires.

• 1.5 gal. of stored pressure
PRX wet chemical
Electrical
Equipment extinguishing agent (40 sec.
discharge time).
•10-12 ft. maximum effective
range.
K Cooking •Extinguishes by cooling and
Media
forming foam blanket to
prevent re-ignition.
 Fire Extinguisher Applications
FIRE CLASS EFFECTIVE EXTINGUISHER TYPES
PRESSURIZED WATER, MULTIPURPOSE DRY
A Trash Wood CHEMICAL
Paper

MULTIPURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL,

B Liquids Grease
AFFF

MULTIPURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL,

C Electrical CARBON DIOXIDE
Equipment

D COMBUSTIBLE MET-X
METALS
D

K Cooking Media CARBON DIOXIDE

 Fire Extinguisher Summary
EXTINGUISHER TYPE WORKS BY EFFECTIVE AGAINST

PRESSURIZED COOLING
WATER

CARBON SMOTHERING
DIOXIDE
MULTIPURPOSE
DRY CHEMICAL SMOTHERING

HALON SMOTHERING

COMBUSTIBLE
SMOTHERING D
METAL

COOLING/
WET CHEMICAL
SMOTHERING
•Know department emergency
procedures and evacuation routes. Firefighting
•Know locations of extinguishers in your Decision
area and how to use them. Criteria
•Always sound the alarm regardless of fire size.
•Avoid smoky conditions.
•Ensure area is evacuated.
•Don’t attempt to fight unless:
–Alarm is sounded.
–Fire is small and contained.
–You have safe egress route (can be reached without exposure to
fire).
–Available extinguishers are rated for size and type of fire.

•If in doubt, evacuate!

Fire Emergency Response

R Rescue

A Alarm

C Contain

E Extinguish
 Fighting the Fire
P Pull the pin

Aim low at the

A base of flames
Squeeze the
S handle

S Sweep side to side

First Safety Systems Training Services
‘ Your total safety solutions’
First Safety Systems Training Services
‘ Your total safety solutions’

Pull the pin

This will allow you

to squeeze the handle
in order to discharge
the extinguisher
First Safety Systems Training Services
‘ Your total safety solutions’

Aim at the base

of the fire

Aiming at the middle

will do no good.
The agent will pass
through the flames.
First Safety Systems Training Services
‘ Your total safety solutions’

Squeeze the
handle

This will release the

pressurized
extinguishing
agent
First Safety Systems Training Services
‘ Your total safety solutions’

Sweep side to
side

Cover the entire area

that is on fire.
Continue until fire is
extinguished. Keep
an eye on the area
for re-lighting.
REQUIREMENTS OF
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
 First Safety Systems Training Services
‘ Your total safety solutions’

When NOT to Fight a Fire!

• Remember to keep
an exit to your back

• Only fight a fire in

the incipient stage

• If you are not trained

to do so.
 First Safety Systems Training Services
‘ Your total safety solutions’

Remember !
NEVER fight a fire if any of the following
apply:
• Don’t have the proper extinguisher or
equipment and training

• Fire has spread beyond its point of

origin

• Your instincts tell you GET OUT!

 First Safety Systems Training Services
‘ Your total safety solutions’

Most Fire Deaths are NOT Burn

Victims!
 Causes of Death in Fires -
SMOKE
 Hydrogen cyanide, hydrocyanic acid
 Carbon monoxide
 Other toxic vapors
 Burns
 Trauma (non-burn). 45
Fire Prevention and Protection

Causes of Fire…
 Electrical  Stoves/”Kalan”

 Hot Work (Welding and Cutting)

 Smoking

 Poor Housekeeping
Construction Safety
 First Safety Systems Training Services
Pre- Emergency
‘ Your total safety solutions’

Action
 How do we report emergencies & get assistance?
Call 911 / 117?
 What does the alarm sound like? Tone or beep
 What are the primary & secondary exits? See
Evacuation Plan on walls
 Where do we meet? Muster Area?
 Who accounts for us? Roll-call at Muster Area
 How do we report missing persons? At roll-call,
ESC reports to Fire Dept. on arrival. 47
 First Safety Systems Training Services
‘ Your total safety solutions’

What Can WE Do?

• Educate our employees and
children, make them part of
our Fire Safety Plan.

48
 First Safety Systems Training Services
‘ Your total safety solutions’
Emergency
In the EventProcedures
of Fire
• Think fast and act with caution
• Pull nearest alarm station, warn people
• Immediately exit the building
If you hear an alarm
DO NOT

assume it is a drill, your life may depend on it!

• If you are an ERT Member and trained, extinguish

the fire and be ready to back off if the fire gets worse
 Principles of Using Portable Fire
Extinguishers
1. Be a reliable type
2. The right type for each class of fire that
may occur in the area
3. In sufficient quantity to protect against the
exposure in the area
4. Located where they are readily accessible
for immediate use
5. Maintained in perfect condition, inspected
regularly, checked against defects,
tampering and recharged as required
 Principles of Using Portable Fire
Extinguishers
6. Operable by area personnel who can find them
and who are trained to use them effectively and
promptly
7. Must be placed so that the maximum travel
between fire extinguishers do not exceed 75 feet
on a non-hazardous area or 50 feet for hazardous
areas.

Extinguishers listed by UL are rated after testing.

The numeral and letters define the
extinguishing potential, e.g., 4-A:16B:C –
meaning that the extinguisher is rated for 4
units of class A potential, 16 units of Class B
potential, and is safe to use on Class C fires
 Rules For Using Fire Extinguishers
Fire Brigade Members should be acquainted
with these rules for firefighting with hand
extinguishers:
1. Don’t get excited; be calm
2. Use the right class of extinguishers
3. Never allow a fire to spread; confine it to its place
of origin. Sometimes this means neglecting the
main body of the fire to attack its fringes
4. Do not return a partially used Dry Chemical fire
extinguisher to its original location. Righting these
appliances releases the pressure rendering them
useless. Recharge them
SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL FIRES
Electrical Equipment Due to poor
maintenance- 23%
Friction Hot bearings, mis-aligned
broken machine parts – 10%
Foreign Tramp Metal which produces
Substances sparks when struck by
rapidly revolving machinery
common to the Textile
Industry. – 7%
SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL FIRES
Open Flames Cutting and welding
torches, gas and oil
burners. Misuse
of gasoline torches.
Smoking and Dangerous near flammable
Matches liquids, gases and in areas
where combustibles are
used or stored – 18%
 Fire Prevention Activities
1. Fire Equipment Inspection
- Control valves on fire protection
- Hydrants
- Fire Pump
- Fire Hoses and cabinets
- Sprinkler system water supplies
- Special types of protection (CO2, Foam)
- Portable fire appliances
- Fire and Exit doors
- Special hazards
 Fire Prevention Activities
2. Hot Work Permits
a. Inspect the area where work is to be done
b. Establish fire watchers
c. Provide fire extinguishing equipment
d. Communicate and coordinate with all
departments concerned
e. Isolate combustibles from sources of
ignition
f. Limit unauthorized use of flame or spark
producing equipment
 Fire Prevention Activities
3. Fire and Emergency Drills
Fire drills at frequent intervals also
demonstrate management’s concern in all
fire prevention and protection activities
4. Fire Brigades:
Management must consider that the fire
brigade or the ERT is its first line of defense
against fire or other emergencies
FIRE PREVENTION
ACTIVITIES

GOOD
HOUSEKEEPING
5. Good Housekeeping
- is one important part of an effective fire
protection program. As supervisors,
you must maintain a positive attitude
with the crew and enforce housekeeping
rules at all times. Each person should
be held responsible and accountable for
preventing the accumulation of
unnecessary combustible materials in
the work area.
A Few Good Housekeeping practices :
1. Combustible materials should be present in work area
only in quantities required for the job. They should be
removed to a designated, safe storage area at the end
of each work day.
2. Quick burning and flammable materials should be
stored only in designated locations. Such locations
always should be away from ignition sources and have
special fire extinguishing provisions. Covered metal
receptacles are best.
A Few Good Housekeeping Practices:

3. Vessels or pipes containing flammable liquids or

gases must be airtight. Any spills should be
cleaned up immediately.
4. Workers should be careful not to contaminate
their clothing with flammable liquids. If
contamination does occur, these individuals
must be required to change their clothing before
continuing work.
A Few Good Housekeeping practices :
5. Passageways and fire doors should
not be obstructed. Stairwell doors
must never be propped open, and
material should never be stored in
stairwells.
6. Materials must never block automatic
sprinkler or be piled around fire
extinguisher locations or sprinkler and
standpipe controls.
FIRE FIGHTING PREPAREDNESS
1. Complete fire brigade
2. Properly trained personnel/security guards
3. Readily available A-1 fire extinguishing
equipment, materials and tools
4. Keep egress/ingress clear from obstructions
5. Facility for truck removal of flammable materials
6. Provided shut-off valves for fuel, gas, electrical
supply
7. A-1 condition of alarm system.
Organization of an Industrial Fire Brigade

Fire Marshal

Asst Fire Marshal

Two Electrician Hose Company Captain Two Pipefitter One Pump Man

One Hydrant Man One Hydrant Man

Three Nozzle Man Three Nozzle Man

Three First Aid Three First Aid

Fire Equipment Fire Equipment
Operators Operators
 Duties & Responsibilities
A. Duties of the Fire Marshal:
– Maintaining the brigade roster complete at all times and receiving
new members whenever necessary
– Training and drilling members of the brigade
– Supervise the maintenance of the brigade’s equipment
– Coordinating the activities of the brigade with the public fire
department
– Personally direct fire fighting effort until the public fire service
arrives
– Direct salvage operation after the fire
B. Duties of the Assistant Fire Marshal:
- Determine that the alarm has been transmitted to the fire department
- Make certain that gateguards are notified for them to direct fire trucks to
the scene of the fire.
 Duties & Responsibilities
C. Duties of the Pipefitter:
- Must be familiar with the plant’s sprinkler system, piping
system and control valves. In the event to fully open the fire
figthing control valves and shut-off flammable gas and liquid
control valves.
D. Duties of the Electrician:
- Shut-off electrical power on areas affected by fire
- Provide emergency power
- Connecting/repairing faults in electrically driven fire pumps
E. Duties of the Pump Man:
- Ensure that the fire pump is in top shape condition at all times
- Start the fire pump at the first indication of fire
F. First Aid Fire Equipment Operators:
- “Fire Squad” utilizing fire extinguishers and small hoses
G. The Hose Company:
- Three Nozzlemen - Hydrant Man
 Fire Brigade Equipment
• Bunker’s coat, fireman’s Hat, Fireman’s boot, etc
• Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
• Smoke / Gas Masks
• Fire Extinguishers and small Hoses
• Ladders, ropes, crowbar, fire axe, extricating tools
• Aluminize fire suit
• Resuscitator and Medical Kit
• Motorized Equipment
• Hose Cart containing at least 350’ x 2 ½” dia.
hoses
Do’s & Don’ts In the Event Of Fire
DO’S • DON’TS
– Stop Work – Don’t Run
– Shutt-off Power – Don’t lag behind
– Stop Machines – Don’t break the column
– Shut-Off Gas – Don’t scream
– Close Doors and – Don’t laugh or talk
Windows – Don’t cause confusion
– Form Line Properly – Don’t remain in the toilet
– Don’t attempt to leave the
building except in
accordance with exit drill
regulations
NOTE: Pregnant women – Don’t fail to carry
and children have the instruction
right of way
THE END