Challenges / Info requirement in agricultural operations

(in spatial context)

1. Crop grown areas and cropping pattern
2. Changes in cropping areas
3. Crop vigour and growth profile
4. Crop discrimination
5. Sowing and Harvesting
6. Probable yield
7. Water / Nutrient / Insect / Disease stress
8. Surface water inventory
9. Soil moisture for optimum sowing time and runoff modeling
10. Surface roughness for runoff estimation
11. Dynamics of insect breeding
12. Characterization and quantification of drought
13. Precision farming
14. Primary productivity
15. Carbon sequestration
16. Land degradation (water logging, salinity, water and wind
erosion)
 The requirements are catered by

1. Optical sensors
2. Thermal sensors
3. Microwave (RADAR) sensors
4. GPS (Geostationary) systems
Crop grown areas and cropping pattern

Crop sown areas

Uncultivated
fallow
Cultivated
Crop vigour and growth profile
Using temporal spectral
profile

Spectral signature of water,

soil and vegetation. Vegetation
has a remarkably high
reflection in the NIR , this
makes it possible to distinguish
vegetation from bare ground.
The difference of reflection in
IR and R band is great for
vegetation areas and
insignificant for bare ground
Spectrum of an Adolescent Leaf In Visible and SWIR
Reflectance Spectra for a Healthy Beech (1) and Beech Leaves in
Progressive Phases of Senescence (2-4)
 Crop discrimination
Using temporal spectral profile and NDVI
values, crops varies wrt pigment type and
content and leaf structure
NDVI = (RNIR – RRED) / (RNIR + RRED)
Discrimination of major crops based upon
their bio-physical characteristics in CSF,
Suratgarh
 CROP STRESS
Changes in the inflexion point between red and IR
Nutrient stress produce different physiological,
anatomical and/or morphological symptoms which result
in characteristic spectral expressions. Due to this stress
chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations vary
significantly. Such variations can appear as subtle
spectral changes in the visible and red edge portions of
reflectance curve.
Mathematically it is described as:
Rre = (R670 + R780 ) / 2
re = 700 + 40*(Rre – R700) / (R740 – R700)

Where Rre = estimated reflectance value of the main inflection point (re).
R670, R700, R740 and R780 are the reflectance values at 670, 700, 740 and
780nm respectively.
Stress due to water deficit, nutrient, disease or insects

Relative signal

Wave length (nm)

Surface Water Inventory
Wetland Classification
PTL/TL/AVP
PTL/TL/AVM
PTL/TL/AVH
PTL/TM/AVP
PTL/TM/AVM
PTL/TM/AVH
PTL/TH/AVP
PTL/TH/AVM
PTL/TH/AVH
R/TL/AVP
R/TL/AVM
R/TL/AVH
R/TM/AVP
R/TM/AVM
R/TM/AVH
R/TH/AVP
R/TH/AVM
R/TH/AVH
OBL/TL/AVP
OBL/TL/AVM
OBL/TL/AVH
OBL/TM/AVP
OBL/TM/AVM
OBL/TM/AVH
OBL/TH/AVP
OBL/TH/AVM
OBL/TH/AVH
Results
Number of wetlands in the districts
500
450
400
Number of wetlands

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Districts

Chi Bhi Tonk Uda Pal Swa Jai

Nag Jsl Bha Jod Bar Jal
 Size wise distribution of wetlands
20
18
16
14
12
Number

10
8
6
4
2
0
> 1000 >=500 to <1000 >=200 to <500 >=100 to <200 >=50 to <100
Wetland size (ha)

Bar Bha Bhi Chi Jai Jas Jal

Cont…
 Size wise distribution of wetlands
22
20
18
16
14
Number

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
> 1000 >=500 to <1000 >=200 to <500 >=100 to <200 >=50 to <100

Wetland size (ha)

Jod Nag Pal Smd Ton Uda

Turbidity pattern of the wetlands
120

100

80

60

40

20

Low Medium High

Aquatic vegetation pattern of the wetlands
120

100

80

60

40

20

Poor Moderate High

LULC for Water Balance in the Catchment
To estimate water surplus or deficit and
also inter basin water transfer
 Performance evaluation of the commands
Performance Descriptors:
NDVI: High NDVI represents good crop condition
and hence better productivity.
Coefficient of Variation: Reflects the variability in
the crop condition.
Tail-Head ratio: Reflects the equity of irrigation
service.
Ground water depth: Less the depth means more
is the infiltration and degree of criticality in terms of
water logging.
Ground water fluctuation: Less fluctuation
indicates continuous seepage from the canal.
Water logged area: More the area less is the
water use efficiency.
 Command of KHARIF 2004
IGNP Stage I

RABI 2004

TAI
Command of L
MIDDL
Suratgarh E HEAD
TAIL
Branch
HEAD

Command of Canal
MIDDLE Anupgarh network
TAIL Branch
Performance evaluation of watersheds

CROP LAND
FALLOW
AGRIL. PLANTATION
POOR FOREST
MODERATE FOREST
GOOD FOREST
1988 LAND WITH SCRUB
1988 SANDY AREA
WATER BODY

Landuse/landcover

60
50

distribution
40

%
30
20
10
0

CR

AP

SA
PF

GF
MF

WB
FAL

LWIS
Landuse types

1996 1996 1988 1996

 VERY POOR
POOR
MODERATE
GOOD
VERY GOOD
1988 1988
Vegetation vigour

% distribution
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
VP P M G VG
Vigour types

1988 1996
1996 1996
 POSITIVE CHANGE
NEGATIVE CHANGE
NO CHANGE

1988 NDVI

Change study

70

% distribution
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
+VE -VE NC
Luse Vigour

1996 LUSE
 VERY POOR
POOR
MODERATE
GOOD
VERY GOOD

1988 1988 Vegetation vigour

(Drainage buffer)

% distribution
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
VP P M G VG
Vigour types

1988 1996
1996 1996
 User Proje
Potential sites for different districts of
Gujarat
Potential
sites
District
boundary

Total potential area =

40819.70 Sq. Km (21.97
DROUGHT ASSESSMENT IN WESTERN RAJASTHAN

IRS-1C
WIFS
08.10.1998

IRS-1C WIFS
27.10.1999

VEGETATION DENSITY
Maximum Medium ModerateLess/Very.LessBarren / Dry
 DROUGHT ASSESSMENT IN WESTERN RAJASTHAN
1.38%
20.60% 1.45% 9.29% 0.17%
24.86%
34.29%

28.45%

40.21% 39.30%

IRS - 1C WiFS Dynamics of Vegetation Density IRS - 1C WiFS

45

15.OCT.2000 40 14.NOV.2000
35

30

25 OCT. 15
20 NOV. 14
15

10

0
MAXIMUM MEDIUM MODERATE LESS/V.LESS BARREN/DRY
Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres
Department of Space, Government of India
 Natural Resources Module
Estimation of Fertilizer Demand at Taluk level

Non-Spatial Spatial
LU/LC (Crop Area)
• Major Crops (Multi-season)
• % Coverage Soil – Depth
• Fert. Req.
• Irri/Rainfed
Erosion
Slope Derived

Texture
Crop-wise (irr & unirr.) Fert. Req computed Productivity Ranks
for N P K separately
Soil Gen. <- Fert.
(N,P,K Weights)
f(RS based Crop Area, Soil Prod Rank, NPK Wts.) Polys with NPK Demand
Display of IFFCO’s Facilities
Display of Selected Facility with Name &
Stock
User Interface
Menu
Selection of Desired
Warehouse locations for
Allocation Result

Display of
Allocation
Display of Allocation : Spider
Display
Interactive Display of Allocation
Summary
 User Interface
Menu
Optimal Routing
Result

Selection of
Warehouse for
Optimal Routing
Optimal Routing
PATH Display
Routing With Road
Impedance

Optimal Routing
TOUR Display
Routing Without Road
Impedance

Optimal Routing
TOUR Display
Grouping of weighted values for prioritization, Neem ka Thana,
Sikar, Rajasthan (drainage and shape factors)
Grouping of weighted values for prioritization, Neem ka Thana,
Sikar, Rajasthan, (resources factors)
watersheds
50

No. of
40
30
20
10
0
Very Medium Very
high low
Priority type
Run-off characteristics
 Imaging Spectroscopy
Images of objects are acquired in 200 or more narrow
spectral bands
 Reflectance Spectra

a. Organic dominated (high organic content, moderately fine texture)

b. Minimally altered (low organic content, medium iron content)
c. Iron affected (low organic content, medium iron content)
d. Organic affected (high organic content, moderately coarse texture)
e. Iron dominated (high iron content, fine texture)
Reflectance Curves of Eroded Soils
Addressing Soil Parameters Through RS
 Principles of RADAR moisture sensing

Surface backscatter at -wave region is a

function of –
1. The -wave dielectric properties – control
the magnitude of reflection, absorption
and transmission.
2. Geometry of air-soil boundary (Surface
roughness) – affects the shape of the
scattering pattern.

There is a large DEC of water (80) at micro wave

region. Under higher moisture regime the soil
water mixture also exhibits hither complex
dielectric permittivity.
At -wave region the complex dielectric permittivity
of soil water mixture can range from 3-30 over
the available soil water region. Soil moisture
has exponential relation with CDP.
Average field amplitude Relation between radar backscatter and soil moisture

11 September, 2001 5 dates of overpass

Volumetric soil moisture

oven dry Hygros PWP Field Saturation

water capacity
air dry

Gravitational water (Drainable) Flooded

Unavailable Plant available

-1,000 -31 -15 -1/3 0

Water potential in Bars
-10,000
INCREASING WATER CONTENT
 Soil moisture retrieval

y = 0.1786 e 0.0519x Where y = amplitude, x = volumetric soil moisture

Celskey akrug Celskey akrug

Ashisaiskey Ashisaiskey

Filtered (7x7) SAR map Soil moisture map