STRUKTUR PASAR

Market Structure: Perfect Competition,

Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition
 Market Structure
Struktur Pasar (Market Structure) adalah lingkungan yang
menggmbarkan tingkat persaingan pembeli danpenjual dari
suatu produk.

Struktur Pasar dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok

utama, yaitu :
• Persaingan Sempurna (Perfect Competition).
• Monopoli.
•Persaingan Monopolistik Imperfect Competition
(Monopolistic Competition).
• Oligopoli

Pengelompokan pasar ini didasarkan pada karakteristik

demand yang dihadapi seorang produsen, kekuatan produsen
serta jumlah prodsen.
 Market Structure

Less Competitive
More Competitive

Perfect Competition
Monopolistic
Competition
Oligopoly
Monopoly
 Beberapa Hal yang Harus
Diketahui oleh Manajer Bisnis
1. Bentuk struktur perusahaan
2. Pola permintaan produk yang dijual
3. Pola biaya produksi
4. Strategi pengendalian input (penggunaan
input) dan pengendalian output (keputusan
jumlah output yang harus diproduksi)
5. Strategi penetapan harga produk untuk
mencapai tujuan peruasahaan (memperluas
pasar atau memaksimumkan keuntungan)
 Perfect Competition
• Many buyers and sellers
• Buyers and sellers are price takers
• Product is homogeneous
• Perfect mobility of resources
• Economic agents have perfect
knowledge
• Example: Stock Market
Monopolistic Competition
• Many sellers and buyers
• Differentiated product
• Perfect mobility of resources
• Example: Fast-food outlets
 Oligopoly
• Few sellers and many buyers
• Product may be homogeneous or
differentiated
• Barriers to resource mobility
• Example: Automobile manufacturers
 Monopoly
• Single seller and many buyers
• No close substitutes for product
• Significant barriers to resource mobility
– Control of an essential input
– Patents or copyrights
– Economies of scale: Natural monopoly
– Government franchise: Post office
Perfect Competition:
Price Determination
 Perfect Competition:
Price Determination
QD  625  5P QD  QS QS  175  5P
625  5 P  175  5 P
450  10P
P  $45
QD  625  5 P  625  5(45)  400
QS  175  5 P  175  5(45)  400
 Perfect Competition:
Short-Run Equilibrium
Firm’s Demand Curve = Market Price

= Marginal Revenue

Firm’s Supply Curve = Marginal Cost

where Marginal Cost > Average Variable Cost
 Perfect Competition:
Short-Run Equilibrium
Firm equilbrium tercapai ketika perusahaan mencapai
tingkat output yang paling menguntungkan, yaitu ketika
MR=MC
  TR - TC
  f(Q) - f(Q)
Syarat maks :

0
Q
 TR TC
  0
Q Q Q

 MR  MC  0
Q
MR  MC
 Perfect Competition:
Short-Run Equilibrium
 Perfect Competition:
Short-Run Equilibrium
 Perfect Competition:
Long-Run Equilibrium
Quantity is set by the firm so that short-run:
Price = Marginal Cost = Average Total Cost

At the same quantity, long-run:

Price = Marginal Cost = Average Cost

Economic Profit = 0
Perfect Competition:
Long-Run Equilibrium
Strategi Pengendalian Output Dalam Pasar Persaingan
Sempurna untuk Memaksimumkan Keuntungan

Informasi Harga Produk (P)

Informasi AVC dan MC

Apakah
Tidak Keputusan Manajer
P>AVCmin
TIDAK BERPRODUKSI
Ya

Keputusan Manajer
Berproduksi pada
MR=MC

Keuntungan
π = TR – TC.
Competition in the
Global Economy

Domestic Supply

World Supply

Domestic Demand
 Competition in the
Global Economy
• Foreign Exchange Rate
– Price of a foreign currency in terms of the
domestic currency
• Depreciation of the Domestic Currency
– Increase in the price of a foreign currency
relative to the domestic currency
• Appreciation of the Domestic Currency
– Decrease in the price of a foreign currency
relative to the domestic currency
 Competition in the
Global Economy
/€
R = Exchange Rate = Dollar Price of Euros

€
Supply of Euros

€ Demand for Euros

€
 Monopoly
Ciri-ciri Pasar Monopoli:
• Pasar monopoli adalah industri/pasar satu
perusahaan (Single seller and many buyers).
• Tidak mempunyai barang pengganti yang
mirip (No close substitutes for product).
• Perusahaan lain tidak terdapat kemungkinan
untuk masuk ke dalam industri (Significant
barriers to resource mobility).
• Dapat menguasai penentuan harga (price
setter)
• Promosi iklan kurang diperlukan
 Monopoly
• Single seller that produces a product with
no close substitutes
• Sources of Monopoly
– Control of an essential input to a product
De Beers Company (Perusahaan Permata di Afrika Selatan)
Standar Oil Company (Perusahaan Minyak di Amerika Serikat)
Aluminium Company of America-Alcoa

– Patents or copyrights
Xerox (mesin foto copy)
Polaroid (instant camera)
– Economies of scale: Natural monopoly
– Government franchise: Post office
 Monopoly
Short-Run Equilibrium
• Demand curve for the firm is the market
demand curve
Price setter Market power
• Firm produces a quantity (Q*) where
marginal revenue (MR) is equal to marginal
cost (MC)
• Exception: Q* = 0 if average variable cost
(AVC) is above the demand curve at all
levels of output
 Monopoly
Short-Run Equilibrium
Q* = 500
P* = $11
 Monopoly
Short-Run Equilibrium
 Monopoly
Short-Run Equilibrium
 Monopoly
Short-Run Equilibrium
 Monopoly
Long-Run Equilibrium
Q* = 700
P* = $9
Monopolistic Competition

• Many sellers of differentiated (similar

but not identical) products
• Limited monopoly power
• Downward-sloping demand curve
• Increase in market share by
competitors causes decrease in
demand for the firm’s product
Monopolistic Competition
Short-Run Equilibrium
Monopolistic Competition
Long-Run Equilibrium
Profit = 0
Monopolistic Competition
Long-Run Equilibrium

Cost with selling expenses

Cost without selling expenses