Parametric Statistical Analysis in SPSS

Parametric Statistical
Analysis in SPSS
Karl John A. Galvez
Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

April 4-5, 2019 ViSERDAC, 1/F ADE Building, Visayas State University,
Baybay City, Leyte
Topic Outline
1. Review of Statistics and Data Analysis
2. Summarizing data through a Histogram
3. Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Data Analysis
4. One-Way T-test
5. Paired-Sample T-test
6. Independent-Samples T-test
7. Analysis of Variance
April 4-5, 2019 ViSERDAC, 1/F ADE Building, Visayas State University,
Baybay City, Leyte
Data Analysis
1. Descriptive Statistics
– overview of the attributes of the data
2. Inferential Statistics
– provides measures of how well data supports
hypothesis

April 4-5, 2019 ViSERDAC, 1/F ADE Building, VSU, Baybay City, Leyte
Data Analysis
1. Descriptive Statistics
– overview of the attributes of the data
2. Inferential Statistics
– provides measures of how well data supports
hypothesis

Scales of Measurement
1. Nominal Scale – list of categories
2. Ordinal Scale – based on rankings of objects on one
another
3. Interval Scale - a unit represents the same magnitude on
the trait or characteristic being measured
across the whole range of values
4. Ratio Scale – same with the interval scale but with a true
zero point

1. Nominal Scale – list of categories
2. Ordinal Scale – based on rankings of objects on one
another
3. Interval Scale - a unit represents the same magnitude on
the characteristic being measured
4. Ratio Scale – same with the interval scale but with a true
zero point

Q1: What is your favourite subject?
 Q2: Gender:
 Q3: I consider myself to be good at mathematics:
Q4: Score in the recent midterm calculus exam:

Q1: What is your favourite subject? NOMINAL
 Q2: Gender:
NOMINAL
 Q3: I consider myself to be good at mathematics:
ORDINAL
Q4: Score in the recent midterm calculus exam:

RATIO

Populations and Samples
• We want to know something(s)
about the population.
• By random selection we select a
few individuals to arrive at a
sample.
• Data is gathered from the sample
and arrive at some statistics.
• These statistics are used to infer
something about the population.

Inferential Statistics
2 4 10 4 6 8 7 10 4 3 7 9 6 7 5 2 5 8 2 10
7 2 3 5 2 9 3 9 6 1 4 2 6 4 9 3 4 1 8 7
9 1 8 1 10 10 6 4 2 7 1 1 9 10 4 4 6 6 2 5
9 10 2 6 8 10 1 6 10 10 4 4 4 9 2 1 4 5 9 6
6 2 7 8 8 6 6 10 6 6 7 5 9 2 6 4 8 6 6 10
5 7 1 9 1 10 8 8 5 10 1 4 8 3 6 7 1 5 2 4
4
3
10
3
5
6
8
6
5
2
1
8
1
6
4
5
3
9
6
8
7
4
3
6
1
3
5
8
4
3
3
3
6
10
2
8
7
10
8
5 Population size = 500
7 5 1 4 3 2 1 10 2 10 6 10 7 9 8 8 4 9 9 10
3 7 6 2 1 1 10 3 5 7 4 1 2 9 10 10 6 1 3 2
1
4
3
2
9
3
9
10
4
8
2
2
2
3
2
4
1
1
8
3
3
3
1
2
5
10
9
10
9
5
8
7
3
3
2
3
5
10
4
1
The Population: =5.314
5 7 5 1 2 5 8 7 3 8 9 2 10 8 1 1 5 3 3 7
6 7 9 8 8 4 9 8 4 3 10 8 10 4 10 2 3 5 6 3
1 9 8 1 10 2 3 1 6 3 8 9 6 2 4 4 2 7 8 4
4 4 4 10 8 5 9 3 10 5 3 6 9 3 7 4 2 3 10 2
5 1 6 8 5 6 8 1 8 5 7 6 4 1 2 7 2 9 5 3
8 2 3 2 9 9 1 1 5 7 8 5 6 3 8 5 4 10 6 9
5 1 10 10 5 1 4 3 2 3 6 9 10 2 6 3 1 2 8 6
1 8 7 8 5 3 7 2 4 1 8 9 10 10 5 1 3 6 5 8
3 3 8 8 2 7 1 6 9 8 2 10 3 7 9 2 1 9 7 7
3 1 9 6 8 2 6 4 6 3 7 10 9 6 1 10 7 5 3 10
1 6 5 4 3 2 4 4 1 5 5 10 6 2 1 1 1 5 6 3
8 10 8 10 9 7 7 7 8 4 8 1 3 5 8 1 8 4 4 6
4 7 2 4 9 1 8 5 3 3 5 10 1 4 6 3 3 8 2 2

2 4 10 4 6 8 7 10 4 3 7 9 6 7 5 2 5 8 2 10
7 2 3 5 2 9 3 9 6 1 4 2 6 4 9 3 4 1 8 7
9 1 8 1 10 10 6 4 2 7 1 1 9 10 4 4 6 6 2 5
9 10 2 6 8 10 1 6 10 10 4 4 4 9 2 1 4 5 9 6
6 2 7 8 8 6 6 10 6 6 7 5 9 2 6 4 8 6 6 10
5 7 1 9 1 10 8 8 5 10 1 4 8 3 6 7 1 5 2 4
4
3
10
3
5
6
8
6
5
2
1
8
1
6
4
5
3
9
6
8
7
4
3
6
1
3
5
8
4
3
3
3
6
10
2
8
7
10
8
5 Population size = 500
7 5 1 4 3 2 1 10 2 10 6 10 7 9 8 8 4 9 9 10

3 7 6 2 1 1 10 3 5 7 4 1 2 9 10 10 6 1 3 2
1 3 9 9 4 2 2 2 1 8 3 1 5 9 9 8 3 2 5 4
4 2 3 10 8 2 3 4 1 3 3 2 10 10 5 7 3 3 10 1
5 7 5 1 2 5 8 7 3 8 9 2 10 8 1 1 5 3 3 7
6
1
7
9
9
8
8
1
8
10
4
2
9
3
8
1
4
6
3
3
10
8
8
9
10
6
4
2
10
4
2
4
3
2
5
7
6
8
3
4
The Sample: 7, 6, 4, 9, 8, 3,
4
5
4
1
4
6
10
8
8
5
5
6
9
8
3
1
10
8
5
5
3
7
6
6
9
4
3
1
7
2
4
7
2
2
3
9
10
5
2
3
2, 6, 1
8
5
2
1
3
10
2
10
9
5
9
1
1
4
1
3
5
2
7
3
8
6
5
9
6
10
3
2 6
8 5
3
4
1
10
2
6
8
9
6
mean = 5.111
1 8 7 8 5 3 7 2 4 1 8 9 10 10 5 1 3 6 5 8
3 3 8 8 2 7 1 6 9 8 2 10 3 7 9 2 1 9 7 7
3 1 9 6 8 2 6 4 6 3 7 10 9 6 1 10 7 5 3 10
1 6 5 4 3 2 4 4 1 5 5 10 6 2 1 1 1 5 6 3
8 10 8 10 9 7 7 7 8 4 8 1 3 5 8 1 8 4 4 6
4 7 2 4 9 1 8 5 3 3 5 10 1 4 6 3 3 8 2 2

2 4 10 4 6 8 7 10 4 3 7 9 6 7 5 2 5 8 2 10
7 2 3 5 2 9 3 9 6 1 4 2 6 4 9 3 4 1 8 7
9 1 8 1 10 10 6 4 2 7 1 1 9 10 4 4 6 6 2 5
9 10 2 6 8 10 1 6 10 10 4 4 4 9 2 1 4 5 9 6
6 2 7 8 8 6 6 10 6 6 7 5 9 2 6 4 8 6 6 10
5 7 1 9 1 10 8 8 5 10 1 4 8 3 6 7 1 5 2 4
4 10 5 8 5 1 1 4 3 6 7 3 1 5 4 3 6 2 7 8
3
7
3
5
6
1
6
4
2
3
8
2
6
1
5
10
9
2
8
10
4
6
6
10
3
7
8
9
3
8
3
8
10
4
8
9
10
9
5
10
Population size = 500
3 7 6 2 1 1 10 3 5 7 4 1 2 9 10 10 6 1 3 2
1
4
3
2
9
3
9
10
4
8
2
2
2
3
2
4
1
1
8
3
3
3
1
2
5
10
9
10
9
5
8
7
3
3
2
3
5
10
4
1
5 7 5 1 2 5 8 7 3 8 9 2 10 8 1 1 5 3 3 7
6 7 9 8 8 4 9 8 4 3 10 8 10 4 10 2 3 5 6 3
1 9 8 1 10 2 3 1 6 3 8 9 6 2 4 4 2 7 8 4 The Sample: 1, 5, 8, 7, 4, 1,
4 4 4 10 8 5 9 3 10 5 3 6 9 3 7 4 2 3 10 2
5 1 6 8 5 6 8 1 8 5 7 6 4 1 2 7 2 9 5 3 6, 6
8 2 3 2 9 9 1 1 5 7 8 5 6 3 8 5 4 10 6 9
5 1 10 10 5 1 4 3 2 3 6 9 10 2 6 3 1 2 8 6 mean = 4.75
1 8 7 8 5 3 7 2 4 1 8 9 10 10 5 1 3 6 5 8
3 3 8 8 2 7 1 6 9 8 2 10 3 7 9 2 1 9 7 7
3 1 9 6 8 2 6 4 6 3 7 10 9 6 1 10 7 5 3 10
1 6 5 4 3 2 4 4 1 5 5 10 6 2 1 1 1 5 6 3
8 10 8 10 9 7 7 7 8 4 8 1 3 5 8 1 8 4 4 6
4 7 2 4 9 1 8 5 3 3 5 10 1 4 6 3 3 8 2 2

Sample data of student scores
Sample size: 60
mean = 30.68
Sd = 14.53
demo1.sav

How to summarize?
We can start with a simple Histogram
Sample size: 60
mean = 30.68
Sd = 14.53

How to summarize?
We can start with a simple Histogram
Sample size: 60
mean = 30.68
Sd = 14.53

SPSS Application 1. Go to Analyze in SPSS
menu bar
2. Choose Frequencies
3. A pop-up window will
appear; move the student
scores variable to the
Variable(s) box
4. Click Statistics button, and
check mean and standard
deviation press Continue,
5. Click Charts, and check
Histogram, press Continue
6. Click Ok
Parametric vs. Non-parametric
Analysis

Parametric Analysis
A parametric test requires satisfying parametric
assumptions. It must makes assumptions about the
parameters (defining properties) of the population
distribution(s) from which one's data are drawn.
Generally Includes:
1.Independence
2.Normality of Distribution
3.Equal variances
Hypothesis Testing
• Type of statistical inference which assess the evidence
provided by data about some claim concerning a
population
Null Hypothesis: μ = 0; p=0
Alternative Hypothesis: μ > 0, μ < 0, μ ≠ 0; p > 0, p < 0, p ≠ 0
P-value < alpha = 0.05; Reject Ho and Accept Ha
P-value > alpha = 0.05; Fail to reject Ho
Writing Statistical Hypothesis
CLAIM: “Jazz Soda” claims that each bottle of their soda is
filled at 8.0z all the time
Ho: each bottle is filled with 8 oz. of soda per bottle
let μ be the average soda content
Ho: μ = 8 oz.
Ha: each bottle is filled with less than 8 oz. of soda per bottle
let μ be the average soda content
Ha: μ > 8 oz.
T-tests
Used to determine whether there is significant
difference between two sets of scores
General Assumptions:
1. Should be in the interval or ratio scale of measurement
2. Randomly sampled from the population of interest
3. The scores should be normally distributed

What is a normal distribution?
Bell-shaped frequency distribution curve for continuous
data where most data are centered around the mean
Properties:
1. The mean, median, and mode are equal.
2. The normal curve is bell-shaped and is symmetric about
the mean.
3. The total area under the curve is equal to one.
4. The normal curve approaches, but never touches, the x-
axis. Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS
What is a normal distribution?
Bell-shaped frequency distribution curve for continuous
data where most data are centered around the mean

How to test for normality of scores?
Descriptive Statistics: Kurtosis and Skewness are close
to zero, 2 tests of normality and Student score plots will
appear in the output window.
The formal tests include the Kolomogorov-Smirnov (for
observations 2000 and above) and Shapiro-Wilks tests.
Null Hypothesis is that the data is normally distributed,
while the alternative hypothesis is that it is not normally
distributed
1. Go to Analyze in SPSS menu bar
2. Choose Explore
3. A pop-up window will appear; move the student scores
variable to the Dependent list box
4. Click Plots button, and check Normality plots with test
option, press Continue
5. Click Ok

• Both tests give us significant values greater than alpha = 0.05.

• We accept therefore the null hypothesis and conclude that the
scores are normally distributed
Mean Difference Between Groups

Difference Between Scores Among
Genders
1. Go to Analyze in SPSS menu bar
2. Choose Explore
3. A pop-up window will appear; move the student scores
variable to the Dependent list box, gender on the Factor List
box
4. Click Plots button, and check Normality plots with test option,
press Continue
5. Click Ok
Difference Between Scores Among
Genders
• Males (30.5) have
a higher median
score than females
(27.5.
• Females have
wider spread in
scores than males.

Working Example
You have been asked to determine whether hypnosis
enhances memory. Forty men and women are given five
minutes to memorize a list of unrelated words. They are then
asked to recall as many as they can. The next week they are
asked to memorize a similar list of words and then to recall
as many as possible while under hypnosis. You performed a
study last year with another sample, so you have access to
descriptive statistics from a similar sample of adults. The
mean number of words recalled in the earlier study, w/o
hypnosis was 34.6. Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS
Working Example
We are tasked to:
1. Determine whether the participants in the present study
are comparable with those in the earlier study in terms of
recall in a normal state.
2. Determine whether there was any change in recall as a
result of hypnosis for the entire sample.
3. Determine whether men and women recall equal number
of words when under hypnosis.

One-Sample T-test
• To answer task 1, we need to do a one-sample t-test
• It is used when you have data from a single sample of
participants and you wish to know whether the mean of
the population from which the sample is drawn is the same
as the hypothesized mean.
• For task 1, we must test whether the mean number of
words memorized in normal conditions during this study
period is the same with the mean of last year’s study
period which was 34.6.
One-Sample T-test
• Use Prac6.sav, investigate the data.
• Go to Analyze, choose Compare Means
• Click One-Sample T Test
• Put recall in natural state variable under the Test
Variable(s) box.
• Put 34.6 in the Test Value field
• Click Ok

One-Sample T-test

One-Sample T-test
• This year’s round of experiment has a mean number
of words recalled under natural state equal to 43.15.
This is different from last year’s mean number of 34.6
• This mean difference upon subjecting to a one-
sample t-test is significant, since the p-value of the t-
statistic computed is less than alpha = 0.05. We can
conclude therefore that this statistical difference is
significant and that this year’s mean is higher than
that of last year’s.
Paired-sample T-test
• To answer task 2, we need to do a paired-samples t-test
• It is used when we have data from a single sample of
participants. An individual obtains two-scores under
different levels of the independent variable.
• Used most-often in pretest – posttest experimental
designs.
• We will compare the mean number of words recalled in
normal conditions and the mean number of words under
hypnosis
• Click Paired-Samples Totest
• Put both recall in natural state and recall under hypnosis
variables under the Test Variable(s) box.
• Click Ok


• Mean number of words recalled under hypnosis (63.98) is
higher than that when in natural state (43.15). This gives a
mean difference of 20.825.
• This mean difference upon subjecting to a paired-sample
t-test is significant, since the p-value of the t-statistic
computed is less than alpha = 0.05. We can conclude
therefore that this statistical difference is significant and
that there is evidence for us to say that hypnosis
increases the number of words recalled.
Independent-samples T-test
• Determines whether there is a statistically significant
difference between the means in two unrelated groups or
categories
We must meet two additional assumptions,
Independence of groups – participants should only enter
in only one group and that these groups are independent
Homogeneity of Variance – variance of the two groups
or categories should be the same.
• To do task 3, we have to compare the mean number
of words recalled under hypnosis of males against
females
• The test of equality of variance between two groups
is the Levene’s test. If the F-statistic is significant
under the assumption of equal variance, we have to
reject the null hypothesis that the variances are
equal. If this happens, we will consult with the F-
statistic under unequal variances. When the statistic
is not significant, then we will accept the null
hypothesis of equal variances. April 4-5, 2019 ViSERDAC, 1/F ADE Building, VSU, Baybay City, Leyte
• Click Independent Samples T-test
• Put both recall in natural state and recall under
hypnosis variables under the Test Variable(s) box.
• Put gender into the Grouping Variable box
• Press Define Groups and put 1(corresponds to male)
and 2(corresponds to female) in the two group boxes.
• Click Ok

• Test for equality of variance, gives us a p-value greater
than alpha = 0.05. We can therefore accept the null
hypothesis of equal variance among groups or
categories.
• Looking at the T-test for equality of means result. The t-
statistic gives us a p-value less than alpha = 0.05 we
therefore reject the null hypothesis that the two means
are not equal. We can conclude therefore given from the
values of the means that females have a significantly
higher mean number of words recalled than males under
hypnosis. April 4-5, 2019 ViSERDAC, 1/F ADE Building, VSU, Baybay City, Leyte
Practice Exercise
• Use Work6.sav
• A major oil company developed a petro additive that was supposed to
increase engine efficiency. 22 cars were test driven with and without
the additive and the number of km per liter was recorded. Whether the
car was automatic or manual was also recorded and coded as
1=manual and 2=automatic. During an earlier trial 22 cars were test
driven using the additive. The mean number of km per liter was 10.5
• 1. Are the cars in the present trial running more efficiently than those in
the earlier trial?
• 2. Does engine efficiency improve when the additive is used?
• 3. Does engine efficiency with and without the additive differ between
manual and automatic cars.
One-Way Analysis of Variance
• The basic procedure is to derive two different estimates of
population variance from the data, then calculate a statistic
from the ratio of these estimates. One of the estimates is a
measure of the effect of the independent variable combined
with error variance (between-groups) and the other is the
error variance by itself (within-groups).

• F-ratio is the ratio of between-groups variance to-the
within-groups variance. If it is significant, group means are
jointly significantly different.
• Post-hoc analysis involves testing between the mean of

two groups pairwise.

• Assumptions:
 Population Normality
 Homogeneity of Variance

Working Example
• An economist wished to compare household expenditure
on electricity and gas in four major cities in Australia. She
obtained random samples of 25 two-person households
from each city and asked them to keep records of their
energy expenditure over a six-month period.
• Use Work7.sav

Working Example
• Use Work7.sav, investigate the data.
• Click One-Way ANOVA
• Select the dependent variable cost and put it under the
Dependent List box
• Select the independent variable city and put it under the
Factor box
• Click on the Options button and check the boxes for
Descriptive and Homogeneity of Variance.
Working Example
• Click on the Post Hoc command, you will notice that a number
of multiple comparisons options are available. Put a tick on
Tukey.
• Click continue and then ok.

Working Example
Among 4 cities, Perth has the highest average cost of

electricity and gas among Australian cities. Adelaide has
the lowest.
Working Example
Variances of electricity and gas costs among

the 4 Australian cities are statistically the
same.

Working Example
Jointly, the mean values of the costs and gas of the 4

Australian cities are significantly different, as seen with p-
value of the F-statistic which is less than alpha 0.05
Post-Hoc comparisons, allow
Working Example us to test the differences
between two cities in the
sample. Using the Tukey
HSD method, Adelaide and
Perth have statistically
different means. Adelaide,
Hobart and Melbourne do not
and Hobart, Melbourne and
Perth do not have statistical
difference in means.
Practice Example
• Use Prac7.sav
• A biologist wished to examine the nutrient value of six different food
supplements. One hundred and fifty-four rats of the same species were
randomly assigned to one of six groups. Each group had a different
supplement added to its food and the rats’ weight gain over the ensuing
six months was recorded in grams.
1. Test the underlying assumptions of ANOVA
2. Determine whether there are significant differences in weight gain
across the food supplements
3. Locate the source of these differences using post-hoc analysis


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Parametric Statistical

Karl John A. Galvez

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

 Q3: I consider myself to be good at mathematics:

Q4: Score in the recent midterm calculus exam:

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Q4: Score in the recent midterm calculus exam:

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

The Population: =5.314

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

• Both tests give us significant values greater than alpha = 0.05.

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

• Post-hoc analysis involves testing between the mean of

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Among 4 cities, Perth has the highest average cost of

Variances of electricity and gas costs among

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

Jointly, the mean values of the costs and gas of the 4

Training Workshop on Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis Using SPSS

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