Momentum Transport

Newton’s Law of Viscosity

• Shear stress may be defined as:
𝐹 𝑉
=𝜇
𝐴 𝑌
• Thus in terms of differentials we have
𝑑𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇
𝑑𝑦
• Fluid that follows the Newton’s Law of
Viscosity is called the Newtonian fluids
• Polymeric liquids, suspensions, pastes, slurries
and other complex fluids are referred to as
non-Newtonian fluids
 Non-Newtonian Fluids
• Bingham Plastics –differ only from Newtonian
Fluid only in that the linear relationship[ does
not go thru the origin. A finite yield stress (𝜏0 )
is needed to initiate flow.
– Examples are drilling muds, peat slurries,
margarine, chocolate mixtures, greases, soap,
grain-water suspensions, toothpaste, paper pulp
and sewage sludge
𝑑𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇 + 𝜏0
𝑑𝑦
• Pseudoplastic fluids-as shear rate increases,
shear stress decreases
– Examples are polymer melts, greases, starch
suspension, mayonnaise, biological fluids,
detergent slurries, dispersion media in certain
pharmaceuticals and paints
– Follows the power-law model
𝑛
𝑑𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝐾 − 𝑛<1
𝑑𝑦
K- consistency index (N-sn/m2), n – flow behavior
index, dimesionless
𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑛−1
Apparent viscosity: 𝜇 𝑎 = 𝐾 −
𝑑𝑦
• Dilatant Fluids – far less common than
pseudoplastics
– as shear rate increases, shear stress increases
exponentially
– Power law model:
𝑛
𝑑𝑣𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝐾 − 𝑛>1
𝑑𝑦
– Examples are flour-sugar solutions, wet beach
sand, starch in water, potassium silicate in water,
and some solutions containing high concentration
of powder in water
 GENERALIZATION OF NLV
• NLV we have discussed is based on
unidirectional flow.
• But consider the flow is multidirectional:
components of velocity vector 𝐯 is 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 and
𝑣𝑧
• There are three forces possessed by the fluid:
– Pressure forces – forces perpendicular to the
exposed surface (has 3 components: 𝑝𝛿𝑥 , 𝑝𝛿𝑦 and
𝑝𝛿𝑧 )
– Gravity forces – pull of gravity on the fluid’s weight
– Viscous forces – forces when there are velocity
gradients within the fluid; at some angle to the
surface. Has 9 components (a tensor):
𝜏𝑥 : 𝜏𝑥𝑥 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝜏𝑦 : 𝜏𝑦𝑥 , 𝜏𝑦𝑦 , 𝜏𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑧 : 𝜏𝑧𝑥 , 𝜏𝑧𝑦 , 𝜏𝑧𝑧
• If we neglect gravity force, the sum of
pressure and viscous forces is called molecular
stress:
𝜋𝑖𝑗 = 𝑝𝛿𝑖𝑗 + 𝜏𝑖𝑗
• Restriction:
– Viscous forces are linear combination of all
velocity gradients (has 81 quantities of viscosity
coefficients ):
𝑑𝑣𝑘
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = − σ𝑘 σ𝑙 𝜇𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙
𝑑𝑥𝑙
– Neglect time derivatives and time integrals
– If the fluid is in pure rotation, we do not expect
viscous forces. Thus, the only symmetric linear
combinations of velocity gradients are
𝑑𝑣𝑗 𝑑𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
+ and + + 𝛿𝑖𝑗
𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
• If the fluid is isotropic (no preferred direction),
the expression in front of the two expression is
scalar:
𝑑𝑣𝑗 𝑑𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴 + +𝐵 + + 𝛿𝑖𝑗
𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2
• Dynamicists set 𝐵 = 𝜇
− 𝜅, 𝜅 is dilatational
3
viscosity and 𝐴 = 𝜇, thus
𝜏𝑖𝑗
𝑑𝑣𝑗 𝑑𝑣𝑖
=𝜇 +
𝑑𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑗
2 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
+ 𝜇−𝜅 + + 𝛿𝑖𝑗
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
• In terms of the vector tensor notation:
+
2
𝛕 = −𝜇 𝛻𝐯 + 𝛻𝐯 + 𝜇−𝜅 𝛻⋅𝐯 𝛅
3
• Just read about the viscosity of liquids, gases
and emulsions and their dependency on
temperature, pressure and porosity
 Convective Momentum Transport
• Momentum can be transported by the bulk
flow of the fluid
• Consider a volume of fluid in the figure
• Thus the total flux of the
x-directed flow: 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝐯 → 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 , 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 , 𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑧
y-directed flow: 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝐯 → 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑥 , 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑦 , 𝜌𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧
z-directed flow: 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝐯 → 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑥 , 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑦 , 𝜌𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑧
• to generalize:
𝜌𝐯𝐯 = σ𝑖 𝛿𝑖 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝐯 = σ𝑖 𝛿𝑖 𝜌𝑣𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛿𝑗 𝑣𝑗
𝜌𝐯𝐯 = σ𝑖 σ𝑗 𝛿𝑖 𝛿𝑗 𝜌𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑗
 Combined momentum flux
• Total of molecular stresses and convective
transport
𝛟 = 𝛑 + 𝜌𝐯𝐯 = 𝑝𝛅 + 𝛕 + 𝜌𝐯𝐯
• Examples: