requirements are the main parameters that govern the design of the canal system including its structures. For efficient management, NWMP (National Water Management Project) advocates minimum human intervention. In this system regulation of water below a specified point is automatic diversion of water proportionate to the land under command. A canal outlet or a module is a small structure built at the head of the water course so as to connect it with a minor or a distributary channel.
Flowdivision structures(Canal outlets) are of
either overflow type or undershot type. A proportional distributor, an Open flume outlet (Open flume module) and a tail cluster represents the overflow type. It should fit well to the decided principles of water distribution. It should be simple to construct. It should work efficiently with a small working head. It should be cheaper. It should be sufficiently strong with no moving parts, thus avoiding periodic maintenance. It should be such as to avoid interference by cultivators. It should draw its fair share of silt. An irrigation outlet may be classified as : A Non modular outlet A Semi modular outlet A modular Outlet(or Rigid Module) Non-modular outlets are the outlets whose discharge is a function of the difference in water levels in the distributing channel and the water course and variation in either affects the discharge. Ex: Pipe outlet under submerged condition Semi-modular outlets are the outlets whose discharge although depending on the water level in the distributing channel, is independent of the water level in the water course so long as the minimum working head required for their working is available. The principal types of semi modules are Pipe Outlets Open Flume outlets Crump’s Adjustable Proportional Module (Crump’s A.P.M.) Modular outlets are the outlets whose discharge is independent of the water levels in the distributing channel and the water course, within reasonable working limits. These types of outlets are either rigid modules or moving. Rigid modules having no moving parts are superior in their action. These are Gibb’s outlet, Khanna’s outlet, Ghafoor’s outlet etc., Out of these, Gibb’s module has been standardised by Poona Research station. The suitability of the type of the semi module outlet is determined based on the ratio of parent canal discharge (Q) to the discharge of the out let (q) and the throat width (Bt). OFM is proposed, If (Q/q) <= 20 and B t ≥ 6 cm. In general, for diverting water on proportionate basis from distributary to a minor, a Proportional Distributor (PD) is used. From minor to field channel in the upper reaches an Adjustable Orifice Semi Module (AOSM/APM) is used. From minor to Field channels in the middle and tail end reaches an Open Flume Outlet (OFO/OFM) and At the tail end of distributaries or minors, a combination of more than one off take to serve the Field Channels a tail cluster are required. An Open flume outlet is a un gated water flow control structure (outlet). It is a weir with a long constricted throat and expanding flume on the downstream. Discharge over Crest of OFM q = K Bt H3/2 q = Off take discharge in Cumecs Where K = a constant depending upon the width of the flume
Bt = throat width of the weir (minimum 6 cm)
For Bt , 6 cm to 9 cm K=1.6 9 cm to 12 cm K= 1.64 > 12cm K= 1.66
H = head over crest in m.
While designing Assume K value and compute Bt. If calculated Bt and assumed value of K are as per above, adopt Bt value as computed. Otherwise repeat trial till assumed K matches with range of Bt . Check for minimum modular head Minimum working head (modular) = 0.2 H Available working head = Parent Channel FSL-Off take FSL If Available working head>= Minimum working head then Design is OK Else revise the design by Changing Head over Crest Design of Super Structure: Slab : The slab is designed as per BIS code 456:2000 Bending Moment due to UDL(M)=WL2 / 8 W - Total load in Kn/m L - Effective length in m Effective depth required= √M/Qb Where M - bending moment in Kn m Q - design constant b - per meter length in m Area of Steel =M/tjd Where M - Bending moment in Kn m σst - Permissible tensile stress in steel j - design constant d - Effective depth in m Minimum area of steel=0.12% of cross sectional area { as per Clause 26.5.2.1 of IS 456: 2000} Design of Sub Structure: Check the stability of the structural component against overturning and sliding. The Horizontal earth pressure (Ph) and Vertical earth pressure (Pv) are computed using TVA procedure. Earth pressure is assumed to act at 0.4H above the base. Horizontal earth pressure coefficient (Ph) and Vertical earth pressure coefficient (Pv) are given as 0.0395 and 0.1582 for angle of repose ø = 28°. Generally, the top width of 500mm is adopted. The stresses developed at various points of the structure shall be within the limits of allowable Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil. Head Wall: Head Walls shall be checked for maximum stress due to induced earth pressures including surcharge by adopting TVA procedure. Head walls shall be in Cement Concrete (CC) M15 grade using 40mm Maximum Size Aggregate (MSA). Abutment,Wing Wall & Return Wall: Wing Walls and Return Walls on U/s and D/s shall be checked for stability by adopting TVA procedure. For CC wings and returns the top width may be reduced to 300 to 450mm depending upon the height. Advantages of OFM: a)Manual control is not required b)Requires small working heads c)Discharge can be measured from the gauge installed on the crest of the outlet Disadvantages of OFM: a) It cannot be shut when the Parent channel/Supply channel is ON being an un gated structure. b) If OFM is deep and narrow, it can be easily blocked. c) If OFM is shallow and wide, it is hyper proportional and fails to draw its share of silt (When the crest is higher than 0.9D. d) This outlet can be easily tampered by placing a thin wooden plank in the throat, half way between the crest and the water level. This increases the discharge of the outlet by about 16%.