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CANAL OULET

 Inan Irrigation system, Crop and Operation


requirements are the main parameters that
govern the design of the canal system
including its structures.
 For efficient management, NWMP (National
Water Management Project) advocates
minimum human intervention. In this system
regulation of water below a specified point is
automatic diversion of water proportionate
to the land under command.
A canal outlet or a module is a small
structure built at the head of the water
course so as to connect it with a minor or a
distributary channel.

 Flowdivision structures(Canal outlets) are of


either overflow type or undershot type. A
proportional distributor, an Open flume
outlet (Open flume module) and a tail cluster
represents the overflow type.
 It should fit well to the decided principles of
water distribution.
 It should be simple to construct.
 It should work efficiently with a small
working head. It should be cheaper.
 It should be sufficiently strong with no
moving parts, thus avoiding periodic
maintenance.
 It should be such as to avoid interference by
cultivators.
 It should draw its fair share of silt.
An irrigation outlet may be classified as :
 A Non modular outlet
 A Semi modular outlet
 A modular Outlet(or Rigid Module)
 Non-modular outlets are the outlets whose
discharge is a function of the difference in
water levels in the distributing channel and
the water course and variation in either
affects the discharge.
 Ex: Pipe outlet under submerged condition
 Semi-modular outlets are the outlets whose
discharge although depending on the water
level in the distributing channel, is
independent of the water level in the water
course so long as the minimum working head
required for their working is available.
The principal types of semi modules are
 Pipe Outlets
 Open Flume outlets
 Crump’s Adjustable Proportional Module
(Crump’s A.P.M.)
 Modular outlets are the outlets whose
discharge is independent of the water levels
in the distributing channel and the water
course, within reasonable working limits.
These types of outlets are either rigid
modules or moving.
 Rigid modules having no moving parts are
superior in their action. These are Gibb’s
outlet, Khanna’s outlet, Ghafoor’s outlet
etc., Out of these, Gibb’s module has been
standardised by Poona Research station.
 The suitability of the type of the semi
module outlet is determined based on the
ratio of parent canal discharge (Q) to the
discharge of the out let (q) and the throat
width (Bt).
 OFM is proposed, If (Q/q) <= 20 and B t ≥ 6
cm.
 In general, for diverting water on proportionate
basis from distributary to a minor, a Proportional
Distributor (PD) is used.
 From minor to field channel in the upper
reaches an Adjustable Orifice Semi Module
(AOSM/APM) is used.
 From minor to Field channels in the middle and
tail end reaches an Open Flume Outlet
(OFO/OFM) and
 At the tail end of distributaries or minors, a
combination of more than one off take to serve
the Field Channels a tail cluster are required.
 An Open flume outlet is a un gated water
flow control structure (outlet).
 It is a weir with a long constricted throat and
expanding flume on the downstream.
 Discharge over Crest of OFM
q = K Bt H3/2
q = Off take discharge in Cumecs
Where K = a constant depending upon the width of the flume

Bt = throat width of the weir (minimum 6 cm)


For Bt , 6 cm to 9 cm K=1.6
9 cm to 12 cm K= 1.64
> 12cm K= 1.66

H = head over crest in m.


 While designing Assume K value and compute Bt. If calculated Bt
and assumed value of K are as per above, adopt Bt value as
computed. Otherwise repeat trial till assumed K matches with
range of Bt .
 Check for minimum modular head
 Minimum working head (modular) = 0.2 H
 Available working head = Parent Channel FSL-Off take FSL
 If Available working head>= Minimum working head then Design is
OK
 Else revise the design by Changing Head over Crest
 Design of Super Structure:
Slab : The slab is designed as per BIS code 456:2000
Bending Moment due to UDL(M)=WL2 / 8
W - Total load in Kn/m
L - Effective length in m
Effective depth required= √M/Qb
Where M - bending moment in Kn m
Q - design constant
b - per meter length in m
Area of Steel =M/tjd
Where M - Bending moment in Kn m
σst - Permissible tensile stress in steel
j - design constant
d - Effective depth in m
Minimum area of steel=0.12% of cross sectional area { as per
Clause 26.5.2.1 of IS 456: 2000}
 Design of Sub Structure:
Check the stability of the structural component against
overturning and sliding. The Horizontal earth pressure (Ph)
and Vertical earth pressure (Pv) are computed using TVA
procedure. Earth pressure is assumed to act at 0.4H above
the base. Horizontal earth pressure coefficient (Ph) and
Vertical earth pressure coefficient (Pv) are given as 0.0395
and 0.1582 for angle of repose ø = 28°. Generally, the
top width of 500mm is adopted. The stresses developed at
various points of the structure shall be within the limits of
allowable Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil.
 Head Wall: Head Walls shall be checked for maximum
stress due to induced earth pressures including surcharge
by adopting TVA procedure. Head walls shall be in Cement
Concrete (CC) M15 grade using 40mm Maximum Size
Aggregate (MSA).
 Abutment,Wing Wall & Return Wall: Wing Walls and
Return Walls on U/s and D/s shall be checked for stability
by adopting TVA procedure. For CC wings and returns the
top width may be reduced to 300 to 450mm depending
upon the height.
 Advantages of OFM:
a)Manual control is not required
b)Requires small working heads
c)Discharge can be measured from the gauge installed on the
crest of the outlet
 Disadvantages of OFM:
a) It cannot be shut when the Parent channel/Supply channel is
ON being an un gated structure.
b) If OFM is deep and narrow, it can be easily blocked.
c) If OFM is shallow and wide, it is hyper proportional and fails to
draw its share of silt (When the crest is higher than 0.9D.
d) This outlet can be easily tampered by placing a thin wooden
plank in the throat, half way between the crest and the water
level. This increases the discharge of the outlet by about 16%.

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