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RETAINING WALLS
2 Retaining Walls -
Applications
high
way
3 Retaining Walls -
Applications
High-rise
building
basement wall
4
Retaining Walls - Applications
Road
Train
E E
Tunnel
Dock
Abutment
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
GRAVITY WALLS
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
CANTILEVER
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
COUNTERFORT
SIIT-Thammasat University RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
COUNTERFORT
BUTTRESS
STEM
or
Wall Slab
BACKFILL
FRONT
TOE HEEL
KEY
?
?
(R.P.
Weber)
?
?
(R.P.
Weber)
Water Pressure and Soil Pressure
Consider hydrostatic Consider “at-rest” (geostatic)
condition condition
z
x
Anisotrop
Isotropi ic
c
z ≠ x z > x
SIIT-Thammasat University
y
EARTH PRESSURES
PRESSURE AT REST
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE
PRESSURE AT REST
RIGID
z
K0z
1 2
Eo h K o
h
h/3
K0h
SIIT-Thammasat University
EARTH PRESSURES
move
ment
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
γ
zo
c≠0
Φ
H dry soil
_- =
Ka γH 2 c (Ka)1/2 Ka γH – 2 c (Ka)1/2
Find zo:
Ka γzo – 2 c (Ka)1/2 = 0
Zo = 2c / γ (Ka)1/2
Pa = ?
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
Note :
z = 0 v = 0 ; a = -2cKa
z = H v = H
The tensile stress decreases with depth and becomes zero at a
depth z = zc or
zcKa – 2cKa = 0
and
2c
zc zc = depth of tensile crack
Ka
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
Pa 1
2 . .H 2
.Ka
(for granular soil, c = 0)
z z z
2
SIIT-Thammasat University
γ
c≠0
Φ
H dry soil +- =
Kp γH 2 c (Kp)1/2 Kp γH + 2 c (Kp)1/2
h = v .Pp
Kp= +? 2cKp
-△ +△
E
Ep
Eo
Ea o
-△ △a △p +△
A 1=17kN/
h1 =2m
m3
c1=0
B
h=5m
=34o
21=19kN/
h2 =3m
m3
c2=10kPa
C 2=16o
Lateral Earth Pressure
Solution:
A
h1=2m
10.4k
B
h=5m
Pa
4.2kP
a
h2=3m
C 36.6k
Pa
paA 1 zK a1 0
paB上 1h1 K a1=10.4kPa
paB下 1h1 K a 2-2c2 K a 2=4.2kPa
paC ( 1h1 2 h2 ) K a 2 2c2 K a 2 36.6kPa
Ea 10.4 2 / 2 (4.2 36.6) 3 / 2=71.6kN / m
Active Stress Distribution (c = 0)
48
γ
c=0
Φ
H dry soil
Pa = ?
? - What is this value
γ
c=0
Φ
H dry soil
Pp = ?
? - What is this value
H2
Pa
Ka γ H1 Ka γ’ H2 γw H2
or
Ka (γ H1 + γ’ H 2)
H2
Pa
Ka γ H1 Ka γ’ H2 γw H2
or
Ka (γ H1 + γ’ H 2)
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
Assumptions:
sin 2 ( )
Ka 2
sin( ). sin( )
sin . sin 1
2
sin( ). sin( )
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
Pp = ½ Kp . . H2
SIIT-Thammasat University
STABILITY
OVERTURNING
SLIDING
BEARING
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Weight of Soil
(with care)
Weight of Soil
OVERTURNIN
G
Restoring Moment
FOS vs OT =
Overturning Moment
Sliding Forces
SLIDING
Full Surcharge Here
No Surcharge Here
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
H1
Resisting Forces
SLIDING
No Surcharge Here
Resisting Forces
H2 + V
=Coeff of Friction
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
H2
Vc2 Vc3
SLIDING without
KEY
Sliding Forces
SLIDING with
KEY
No Surcharge Here
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
SLIDING with
Resisting Forces
KEY
No Surcharge Here
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
H
Vc2 Vc3
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3
SLIDING with
Determine Pressure KEY
Distribution Under Base
A=B
x e
S=B2/6
V
V 6Ve
2
B B
V 6Ve
2
B B
B
B/2
School of Civil Engineering-AIT
SIIT-Thammasat University
SLIDING with
KEY
Determine Force in Front of KEY
y2
P2 y3
y1 P1
y3=y2+(y1-y2) (B-x1)/B
B P1=(y1+y3) x1/2
x1
P2=V-P1
SLIDING with
KEY
When Pressure Distribution Under
Base is Partially Negative
V e
V 6Ve
2
B B
V 6Ve
2
B B
B
B/2
School of Civil Engineering-AIT
SIIT-Thammasat University
SLIDING with
V e
KEY
V 6Ve
2
B B
V 6Ve
2
B B
B
x
3x Determine P1 and
2V P2 P2 once again
P1
3x
School of Civil Engineering-AIT
SIIT-Thammasat University
SLIDING with
Active Earth Pressure Force KEY
Passive Earth
Force in Front of Key Pressure Force
BEARING
1. No surcharge on heel
2. Surcharge on heel
BEARING
This case has been dealt already
No Surcharge on Heel
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3
A=B
x e
S=B2/6
V
V 6Ve
2
B B
V 6Ve
2
B B
B
B/2
School of Civil Engineering-AIT
SIIT-Thammasat University
Compare Pressure with
Bearing Capacity
V 6Ve
2
B B
V 6Ve
2
B B
B
Allowable Bearing
FOS vs Bearing =
Max Bearing Pressure
V 6Ve
2
B B
School of Civil Engineering-AIT
SIIT-Thammasat University
ALTERNATELY
V 6Ve
V 6Ve 2
2 B B
B B B
2V/3x
3x
Allowable Bearing
FOS vs Bearing =
Max Bearing Pressure
2V/3x
School of Civil Engineering-AIT
END OF PART I
SIIT-Thammasat University
BENDING OF WALL
Critical Section
Moment
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Design Moment
=1.6 (H1 y1 + H2 Surcharge = s
y2) N/m2
h
H1=Ca s h
y1 y2 H2=0.5 Ca s
h2
h
H'1=Ca s (h-
d)
H'2=0.5 Ca s (h-
d d)2
Critical Section
Moment
y3
y1
T
y3
y1
Ts=T-d
Critical Section
Moment & Shear
TENSION
FACES
Soil Pressure
Neglected
Minimum 75 mm Clear
Cover
ACI 14.3.2
ACI 14.3.3
Weepers
Or
Weep Holes
Perforated Pipe
45
Pole /2
45
Point
/2
1 sin '
' z ' x
1 sin '
so..
1 sin ' '
K a tan 2 45
1 sin ' 2
Passive
Rankine Passive Failure Surface
Failure
45 Pole
/2 Point
1 sin '
' x ' z
1 sin '
so..
1 sin ' '
K p tan 2 45
1 sin ' 2
x decreases until
Consider Mohr’s Circles… failure
x increases until
Passive failure
Failure
move
ment
away
wall movement… Movement
Stationary
from toward
(at rest)
backfill backfill
Passive
Active
Failure at Kp
Failure at
Ka
Ka < K0< Kp
Lateral Earth Pressure
101
σv’
H
σh’
σv z
H
σh
At Rest Earth Pressure
103
At rest earth pressure occur when there is no wall rotation such as
in a braced wall (basement wall for example)
σv z
H
σh
AT REST EARTH PRESSURE
z v = . z + q Clayand
Broker with OCR
Ireland >2M=
v 0.95+ 0.007 PI , 0 PI 40
Ko = 0.40
h Ko = 0.64 + 0.001 PI , 40 PI 80
Sherif and Ishibashi Ko = + (OCR – 1)
h
K = 0.54 + 0.00444
v
(LL – 20)
At rest, K = Ko
= 0.09 + 0.00111