Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Water Resources
• Water Supply System
• Water quality and Water Treatment
• Water pollution, Air pollution and Noise pollution with control.
• Sewerage system.
• Sewer hydraulics. (design and detail of different sewer)
• Waste Water treatment with explanation.
What is Environmental
Engineering?
• Qd = Q wc + Q wl
• Expressed in cubic meters per hour (m3/hr), (l/s), liters per capita per day
(lpcpd), typical unit is (ft3/sec).
• Miscellaneous groups.
• Water consumption that does not belong to any of the above-listed
groups can be classified as miscellaneous. These are the quantities used
for fire fighting, public purposes (washing streets, maintaining green
areas, supply for fountains, etc.), maintenance of water and sewage
systems (cleansing, flushing mains) or other specific uses (military facilities, sport
complexes, zoos, etc.).
Fluctuations in rate of Demand
• Average Annual Daily Demand (AADD):
• The total quantity of water supplied for a period of one year divided by number of days in a year is
called average annual daily demand.
• If this demand is based on a single person then it is average per capita.
𝑄
• 𝑞=
365 𝑥 𝑃
• Q = Total quantity of water in liters
• P = Population
• Average Daily Demand
𝑄
• 𝐴𝐷𝐷 =
365 𝑥 𝑃
• Max Daily Demand (MDD) = ADD x 1.80
• Max Weakly Demand (MWD) = ADD x 1.48
• Max Hourly Demand (MHD) = ADD x 1.50
• Max Monthly Demand (MMD) = ADD x 1.28
• Mini rate of Demand (MRD) = (0.25-50) ADD
• Peak Hourly Demand (PHD)
• PHD = 1.5 x 1.8 x ADD = 2.70 x ADD
• Average Daily Demand:
• A rough estimate is used:
Use Percentage
Domestic 44
Industrial 24
Commercial 15
1961 858545 -
Where t = no of decades.
• Example no 2
Considering data given in example 1 predict the population for the year 2021, 2031
and 2041 using geometrical increase method.
Solution.
• Geometric mean r = ( 0.81* 0.81 * 0.40 * 0.23 * 0.24 ) ^ 1/5
= 0.235 that is 23.5 %.
𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝑛𝑋 + ±𝑌
2
where n= no of decade.
• Example 1. Given that population some place is 50000 in 1990. The average
increase in population is 5000 per decade and average incremental increase is
500 per decade. Then the expected population of that place in 2020 will be ?
• Solution.
• Population in 1990 = 50000.
• Average increase in population per decade = 5000 = X.
• Average incremental increase per decade = 500 = Y
• n = no of decades = (2020 – 1990)/ 10 = 3
𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝑛𝑋 + ±𝑌
2
P2020 = 50000 + 3* 5000 + 3(3+1) /2 (500)
= 68000
Decreasing growth rate method.
• When the increasing rate in population starts decreasing. It does not
means that the future population start decreasing.
• Increasing rate in population starts decreasing reaches to saturation
point.
• Saturation Point
• The rate of increasing become decrease and decrease reaches to a point at
which further decrease not occur with respect to time.
𝑛𝐷
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜 (1 + (𝑟 − )
100
Where Pn = future population, Po = latest population.
r= latest known last decade % increase.
D = Average decrease in % increases.
• Example. Population statistic belong to a town are given below. Find the
population in 2030 by decreasing growth rate method.
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
• Solution.
Year Population r (per decade % increase) D (decrease in % increase)
2010 47000
−9.43 − 2.09 + 11.62
𝐷=
3
= 0.033
No of decade given = 2 (2010 ---- 2030)
𝑟−𝐷 𝑟−2𝐷
𝑃2030 = 𝑃2010 1 + 1+
100 100
𝑃𝑠−𝑃𝑜
•𝑚=
𝑃𝑜
1
•𝑛= ln(𝑃𝑜(𝑃𝑠 − 𝑃1)/𝑃1(𝑃𝑠 − 𝑃𝑜))
𝑡1
• Example. In two periods each of 20 years a city has grown from 30000 to
17000 and then to 300000. Determine expected population after the next
20 years.
• Solution.
Po = 30000 at to = 0
P1 = 170000 at t1 = 20
P2 = 300000 at t3 = 40
𝑃
• 1) Kuichling,s Formula 𝑄 = 3182 Q = liter/min
1000
5663 𝑃
• 2) Buston,s Formula. 𝑄=
1000
𝑃
• 3) Freeman,s Formula. 𝑄 = 1136 + 10
5000