Physics-II

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 Apply the coulomb interactions between the charges CO1
and corona spray charging in real life applications like
C2 photocopier / xerography, laser printer, electrostatic
precipitators, e - ink and electrostatic spray paintings
(automobiles).

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 The Photocopier/Xerography
It was developed by Chester Carlson and granted a patent for the Xerographic
process in 1940.

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 The Photocopier/Xerography
• The electrostatic photocopier illustrates the basic
properties of electric charges.
• The central device in the process is an aluminum
drum covered with a fine layer, less than 50 m thick,
of the photoconductive metal selenium.
• Photoconductors are materials that act as a
conductor when exposed to light and as an insulator
in the dark.

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 The Photocopier/Xerography
• When the copier is being set up to make a copy, an
electrode, called a corotron, deposits a positive charge, in
darkness, uniformly over the entire surface of the
selenium (step 1).
• The selenium will retain this charge unless exposed to
light.
• When selenium exposed to light, electrons from the
underlying aluminium roam through the selenium,
neutralizing the positive charge.

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 The Photocopier/Xerography
• When the copier lamp comes on and the actual copying begins, light is reflected
from the document through a series of lenses and mirrors onto the selenium
(step 2).
• In places where the document is white, light is strongly reflected onto the
selenium drum surface, causing it to act as a conductor and lose its charge.
• In places where the document is black, no light is reflected onto the drum,
causing the charge to be retained.
• An electrical image of the document is thus created on the drum.
• The drum is neutral where the original document is white and
• The drum is positively charged where the original document is black.
This image will persist as long as the drum is kept dark.

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 The Photocopier/Xerography
• The electrical image on the drum is developed into a
dry copy, using a dry black powder called “toner.”
• Toner particles, are first given a negative charge, and
then spread over the rotating drum (step 3).
• The particles are attracted to the charged areas of the
drum but not to the neutral areas.

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 The Photocopier/Xerography
• To create a copy of this image on paper, the toner must
be transferred to paper. Second corotron gives positive
charge to blank paper and it is greater than the charge
on the selenium (step 4).
• As the drum rolls across this paper, toner particles that a
moment ago adhered to the drum are attracted to the
blank paper, forming an image on it.
• To fix the image, papers is passed through pressure
rollers which heats up paper (step 5).

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How photocopiers works?

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Another version of photocopier working for reference

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The Photocopier
 The electrostatic photocopier illustrates
the basic properties of electric charges.

 The central device in the process is an

aluminum drum covered with a fine
layer, less than 50 m thick, of the
photoconductive metal selenium.

 Photoconductors are materials that

act as a conductor when exposed to
light .

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 The Photocopier/Xerography

1.Charging
2.Exposure
3.Developing
4.Transfer
5.Fusing

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 The Photocopier-Working Principle
Charging
Cylindrical drum is electrostatistically charged by a
high voltage wire called a corona wire or charging
wire. The drum is coated with a photoconducting
materials which become conductive when exposed to
light.

Exposure
1. A flash lamp is used to illuminates the original
documents and the white areas of the document reflect
the light onto the surface of the photoconductive drum.

2. The areas of the drum that are exposed to light become

conductive and therefore discharge to the ground.

3. The area of the drum not exposed to light (block portions

of the original documents) remains negatively charged.
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 The Photocopier-Working Principle
Developing
The toner is positively charged. When a positively
charge toner touches the drum, positive charges
transfer from toner to drum to the areas which are
negatively charged (black areas).

Transfer
The resulting toner image on the surface of the
drum is transferred from the drum onto a piece
of paper with a higher negative charge than the
drum.

Fusing
The toner is melted and bonded to the paper by
heat and pressure rollers

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 Laser printer-Working Principle
Laser printers use the xerographic process to make high-
quality images on paper, employing a laser to produce an
image on the photoconducting drum as shown in [link] . In
its most common application, the laser printer receives
output from a computer, and it can achieve high-quality
output because of the precision with which laser light can
be controlled. Many laser printers do significant
information processing, such as making sophisticated
letters or fonts, and may contain a computer more
powerful than the one giving them the raw data to be
printed.

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 Laser printer-Working Principle

In a laser printer, a laser beam is scanned across a photoconducting drum, leaving a

positive charge image. The other steps for charging the drum and transferring the
image to paper are the same as in xerography. Laser light can be very precisely
controlled, enabling laser printers to produce high-quality images.

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Laser Pinter – self study
 Laser Printer
• Main important part of the
Laser printer is a metallic
cylindrical drum coated with a
special photosensitive
material; originally
amorphous selenium was
used.
• The photosensitive surface is
an insulator that retains
charge in the absence of light,
but discharges quickly if light
is incident on the surface.

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 Laser Printer
• The drum is negatively charged
with electrons using a wire held at
high voltage. Then laser light is
directed at the surface of the drum.
• Wherever the laser light strikes the
surface of the drum, the surface at
that point is discharged.
• A line of the image being printed is
written one pixel (picture element
or dot) at a time using a laser beam
directed by a moving mirror and a
lens.

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 Laser Printer
• The surface of the drum then passes
by a roller that picks up toner from
the toner cartridge.
• Toner consists of small, black,
insulating particles composed of a
plastic-like material.
• The toner roller is charged to the
same negative voltage as the drum.
Therefore, wherever the surface of
the drum has been discharged,
electrostatic forces deposit toner on
the surface of the drum.
• Any portion of the drum surface that
has not been exposed to the laser
will not pick up toner.

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 Laser Printer
• As the drum rotates, it next comes
in contact with the paper.
• The toner is then transferred from
the surface of the drum to the
paper.
• Some printers charge the paper
positively to help attract the
negatively charged toner.
• As the drum rotates, any remaining toner is scraped off and
the surface is neutralized with an erase light or a rotating
erase drum in preparation for printing the next image.
• The paper then continues on to the fuser, which melts the
toner, producing a permanent image on the paper.
• Finally the paper exits the printer.

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 Electrostatic Precipitators

• Electrostatic precipitators are air pollution

control devices that remove tiny particles
from the emissions (flue gas) of processing
plants and power plants that burn fossil
fuels.
• By relying directly on the properties of
electric fields, these devices are capable of
removing almost all (about 99%) of the tiny
particles of soot, ash, and dust.
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Electrostatic Precipitators

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Electrostatic Precipitators

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Electrostatic Precipitators-Working Principle

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Electrostatic Precipitators-Working Principle

• Dirty flue gas is passed through a series of

positively charged plates and negatively
charged wires.
• When a very large negative charge is placed on
the wires, the electric field near the wire is so
strong that the air near it becomes ionized
(corona discharge).

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Electrostatic Precipitators-Working Principle

• Electrons freed in the region of ionization move

toward the positive plates and attach themselves to
the tiny waste particles in the flue gas moving through
the plates.
• These waste product particles will now be negatively
charged and are attracted to the plates where they
collect on the surface of the plate.
• The plates are shaken periodically to remove the soot,
ash, and dust in a collection hopper.
• The waste must be disposed of and can be used as a
filler in concrete.

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 Electronic Ink
What is E Ink?
 Creator of electrophoretic or electron ink
 Electron Ink is actually fusion of physics,
chemistry and electronics
 It is so much like a paper
 It is currently available commercially in
grayscale and color

History

 1996- Research started at MIT media Lab

 Joseph Jacobson and Barrett Comiskey invented E ink in 1996.
 On June 1, 2009, E link Corp: purchased technology by one of its primary
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 Electronic Ink
Scheme
Legend Item
1 Upper layer
2 Transparent electrode layer
3 Transparent micro-capsules
Positively charged white
4
pigments
Negatively charged black
5
pigments
6 Transparent oil
7 Electrode pixel layer
8 Bottom supporting layer
9 Light
10 White
11 Black
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 Electronic Ink-Working

Electronic ink is made up of millions of tiny microcapsules, about the diameter of

a human hair.
Each microcapsule contains positively charged white particles/pigments and
negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid.
When a positive or negative electric field is applied, corresponding particles
move to the top of the microcapsule where they become visible to the viewer.
This makes the surface appear white or black at that spot.
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 Electronic Ink-Applications

 Watches
 e-Readers
 Indicators
 Keypads
 Wireless
Devices
 Cell Phones

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 Electrostatic Spray Paintings
 Electrostatic spray painting is manufacturing process which employs
charged particles to more efficiently paint a workpiece.

 It reduce problems like even coverage and overspray that results from
using a regular spray painter.

 Paint is present in the form of either powdered particles or atomized

liquid.

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 Electrostatic Spray Paintings-Working Principle
 Metal object which need to be painted is connected to the earth (ground).

 The paint is propelled through the gun or nozzle rubbing against the side and
gaining a static electric charge as it moves. System applies a negative charge to
the paint.

 When negatively charged droplet approach the metal object, positive charge is
induced on surface of metal. They attract the droplets to the surface.

 Since the paint particles all have the same charge, they repel each other. This
helps to distribute the paint particles evenly and get uniform coverage.

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