Prog 4 Determinants 1

PROGRAMME 4
DETERMINANTS
STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Programme 4: Determinants
Determinants
Determinants of third order
Simultaneous equations in three unknowns
Consistency of a set of equations
Properties of determinants

Determinants

Determinants
Solving the two simultaneous equations:
a1x  b1 y  d1  0
a2 x  b2 y  d2  0
results in:
b1d 2 b2 d1 a d a d
x and y  1 2 2 1
a1b2 a2b1 a1b2 a2b1
which has a solution provided
a1b2  a2b1  0

Determinants
There is a shorthand notation for a1b2  a2b1. It is:
a1 b1
a1b2  a2b1 
a2 b2
The symbol:
a1 b1 a1 b1
(evaluated by cross multiplication as )
a2 b2 a2 b2
Is called a second-order determinant; second-order because it has two rows
and two columns.

Determinants
Therefore:
b1 d1 a1 d1
b2 d2 a2 d2
x and y  
a1 b1 a1 b1
a2 b2 a2 b2
That is:
x y
  1
b1 d1 a1 d1 a1 b1
b2 d2 a2 d 2 a2 b2

Determinants
b1 d1 a1 d1 a1 b1
The three determinants: , and
b2 d2 a2 d2 a2 b2 can be obtained
from the two equations a1x  b1 y  d1  0 as follows:
a2 x  b2 y  d2  0
a b1
omit the constant terms to form 0  1
a2 b2
b1 d1
omit the x terms to form 1 
b2 d2
a1 d1
omit the y terms to form 2 
a2 d2

Determinants
The equations:
x y
  1
b1 d1 a1 d1 a1 b1
b2 d2 a2 d 2 a2 b2
can then be written as:

x y 1
 
1  2  0

Determinants

A third-order determinant has three rows and three columns. Each element
of the determinant has an associated minor – a second order determinant
obtained by eliminating the row and column to which it is common. For
example:
a1 b1 c1
b2 c2
the minor of a1 is obtained thus a2 b2 c2
b3 c3
a3 b3 c3


Evaluation of a third-order determinant about the first row
To expand a third-order determinant about the first row we multiply each

element of the row by its minor and add and subtract the products as
follows:
a1 b1 c1
b c2 a c2 a b
a2 b2 c2  a1 2  b1 2  c1 2 2
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
a3 b3 c3


Evaluation of a determinant about any row or column
To expand a determinant about the any row or column we multiply each

element of the row or column by its minor and add and subtract the products
according to the pattern:
   
   
   
   

Determinants

The equations:
a1x  b1 y  c1z  d1  0
a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d2  0
a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d3  0
have solution:
x y z 1
  
b1 c1 d1 a1 c1 d1 a1 b1 d1 a1 b1 c1
b2 c2 d2 a2 c2 d 2 a2 b2 d2 a2 b2 c2
b3 c3 d3 a3 c3 d3 a3 b3 d3 a3 b3 c3
More easily remembered as:

x  y z 1
  
where: 1  2 3  0
0 is the determinant of the coefficents omitting the constant terms
1 is the determinant of the coefficents omitting the x terms
2 is the determinant of the coefficents omitting the y terms
3 is the determinant of the coefficents omitting the z terms
from the equations:
a1x  b1 y  c1z  d1  0
a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d2  0
a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d3  0

Determinants

The three equations in two unknowns are consistent if they possess a

common solution. That is:
a1x  b1 y  d1  0
a2 x  b2 y  d2  0
a3 x  b3 y  d3  0
have a common solution and are, therefore, consistent if:
a1 b1 d1
a2 b2 d2  0
a3 b3 d3

Determinants

1. The value of a determinant remains unchanged if rows are changed to

columns and columns changed to rows:
a1 a2 a1 b1

b1 b2 a2 b2

2. If two rows (or columns) are interchanged, the sign of the determinant is
changed:
a2 b2 a b
 1 1
a1 b1 a2 b2

3. If two rows (or columns) are identical, the value of the determinant is
zero:
a1 a1
0
a2 a2

4. If the elements of any one row (or column) are all multiplied by a
common factor, the determinant is multiplied by that factor:
ka1 kb1 a b
k 1 1
a2 b2 a2 b2

5. If the elements of any one row (or column) are increased by equal
multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),
the value of the determinant is unchanged:
a1  kb1 b1 a1 b1 a1 b1 a b
 and  1 1
a2  kb2 b2 a2 b2 a2  ka1 b2 kb1 a2 b2

Learning outcomes
Expand a 2 × 2 determinant
Solve pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables using 2 × 2 determinants
Expand a 3 × 3 determinant
Solve three simultaneous equations in three variables using 3 × 3 determinants
Determine the consistency of sets of simultaneous linear equations
Use the properties of determinants to solve equations written in determinant form

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PROGRAMME 4

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Solving the two simultaneous equations:

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

There is a shorthand notation for a1b2  a2b1. It is:

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

can then be written as:

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Determinants of third order

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Determinants of third order

To expand a third-order determinant about the first row we multiply each

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Determinants of third order

To expand a determinant about the any row or column we multiply each

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Simultaneous equations in three unknowns

More easily remembered as:

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Simultaneous equations in three unknowns

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Consistency of a set of equations

The three equations in two unknowns are consistent if they possess a

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

1. The value of a determinant remains unchanged if rows are changed to

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Solve pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables using 2 × 2 determinants

Solve three simultaneous equations in three variables using 3 × 3 determinants

Determine the consistency of sets of simultaneous linear equations

Use the properties of determinants to solve equations written in determinant form

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

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