Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• From propagating, to
political economy and
cultural studies (values and
meaning)
Theoretical Approaches
• Free Flow of Information
• Modernization Theory
• Dependency Theory
• Structural Imperialism
• Hegemony
• Critical Theory
• The Public Sphere
• Theories of Information Society
• Discourse of Globalization
• Political Economy
Free Flow of Information
• Free flow doctrine was essentially
a part of the liberal, free market
discourse that championed the
right of media to sell wherever
and whatever they wished.
• ‘Hypodermic-needle
model’ of media ignored
the complexities of the
third-world culture
(Sreberny-Mohammadi,
1991)
Structural Imperialism
• Structural Imperialism as a
sophisticated type of dominance
relation which cuts across nation
basing itself on a bridgehead…for
the joint of benefit of both (Galtung)
• Basic mechanism of
S S
Imperialism: Vertical
and Feudal
Hegemony
• ‘Dominant social group in a
society has the capacity to
exercise intellectual and
alliances to support its
aims to build a consent by
ideological control of
culture production and
distribution’ (Gramsci)
Critical Theory
and ‘the Culture Industry’
• Analyzing the industrial production of
cultural goods – film, radio,
programmes, music and magazine –
used by capitalist society toward
producing culture as commodity
4/15/2019
News Defined
“News in most media system seems to be defined as
the exceptional event, making ‘coups and
catastrophes’ newsworthy wherever they occur.”
4/15/2019
“Newsworthy”
4/15/2019
The Big Five
• New Agency are
organizations which employ a
number of correspondents in
diverse geographic areas to
report news to a central
location where, for fee, it is
then disseminated by
electronics or by others
mean.
4/15/2019
The Counter Flow
• Antara is a state-owned
enterprise (Badan Usaha Milik
Negara) under the Ministry of
State-owned Enterprises
• Counter-Flow: Al-Jazeera
4/15/2019
A Regime for International News
• Protection of Journalist
4/15/2019
The CNN Effect
• The term “CNN Effect” encapsulate
the idea that real time
communication technology could
provoke major responses from
domestic audience and political
elites to global event
4/15/2019
Manufacturing Consent
• Executive version
this insist that media report
conform to what might loosely be
called official agenda
• Elite version
news media conform with the
interest of political elites, where
elites are defined broadly as
member of executive, legislative
or other politically powerful group
4/15/2019
‘Understanding News’
• Newsroom and
Residing Empathy journalist construct
stories that may be
completely
misleading – may in
fact be lies.
• News is also
commodity, subject
to market pressure,
and always changing.
4/15/2019
Journalism Ethics
• Informal discourse on
journalism ethics
exist in journalist
communities and public
debate
4/15/2019
Comparing Journalism Ethics
Middle East Codes
4/15/2019
Contra-Flow and Resistence:
Big World on Small Screen
• The resistence:
– Bring tradition, cultural and
religious values on TV
(Mahabaratha and Ramayana),
also the revival of Beijing Opera
– High-rating of local/national
programs
– Anti-western rhetoric symbolism
in doll (Sara in Iran, Leila in Arab,
Amina in Bosnia)
Global Contra-flow
of Television