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Principle of
Sound Generation
Rubber
ball
Velocity = Frequency x Wave length V n
STEEL T
Z2 = 2V2
( z1 z2 ) 2
R= 100%
( z1 z2 ) 2
Transmissionco-efficient ( energy )
4 Z1 Z 2
T= 100%
( z1 z 2 ) 2
ULTRASONIC PROBES
• Piezo - electric Classified by
principle • Frequency
• Quartz, Polarised • Size
Ceramics ( Barium • No of crystals
Tiatnate, Lead • Longitudinal or
Zirconate) , lithium transverse
sulfate used for the • Normal or angular
crystal beam
• Special probes
NORMAL PROBE
CONSTRUCTION
Near zone =
(Dia of Crystal) 2 D 2
4 Wave length Nz
4
Wave length
Beam spread 1.22
= Dia of crystal
Sin( / 2 ) = 1.22 / 2
BEAM DIVERGENCE
BEAM DIVERGENCE
BEAM DIVERGENCE
BEAM PROFILE SOUND ZONES
DEAD ZONE
NEAR ZONE ( FRESNEL ZONE )
FAR ZONE ( FRAUNHOFFER ZONE )
NZ FZ
BEAM DIVERGENCE
LAW OF REFLECTION
LAW OF REFLECTION
LAW OF REFRACTION
SNELL’S LAW
IIW V1 Block
IIW V2 Block
ANGLE BEAM
RANGE CALIBRATION
IIW V1 block
RESOLUTION
BACK WALL RESOLUTION
REFERENCE BLOCK –
FLAT BOTTOM HOLE
Transducer
DAC
ANGLE BEAM EXAMINATION-
WELD
SF S 1/2
W 1/2
T WF
L2 = W SIN
W1 d
T W2
W1 d
T W2
l2 l1
EFFECT OF JOB GEOMETRY
EFFECT OF JOB GEOMETRY
IMMERSION TESTING