Propelling Nozzles

Propelling Nozzle
• Purpose of the exhaust nozzle is to increase the
velocity of the exhaust gas before discharge from
the nozzle and to collect and straighten the gas
flow

• For large values of specific thrust, the kinetic

energy of the exhaust gas must be high, which
requires a high exhaust velocity
 Functions
• 1) Accelerate the flow to a high velocity with
minimum total pressure loss.
• 2) Match exit and atmospheric pressures as
closely as desired.
• 3) Permit afterburner operation without affecting
main engine operation—this function requires a
variable-area nozzle.
• 4) Allow for cooling of walls if necessary.
• 5) Mix core and bypass streams of turbofan if
necessary
• 6) Allow for thrust reversing if desired.
• 7) Suppress jet noise and infrared radiation
(IR) if desired.
• 8) Thrust vector control if desired
 Requirements
• Min loss of effective thrust and efficiency of
powerplant
• Operation reliability
• Simple design
• Minimal weight
• Minimal external drag
 Types of Nozzles

• Convergent Nozzles
– Simple convergent ducts
– Used for subsonic flight applications when
pressure ratio Pe/Po <4
• Convergent-Divergent (C-D) Nozzle

• It is a convergent duct followed by a divergent

duct
• Minimum diameter section is called ‘Throat’
• A C-D Nozzle is used when (Pe/Po) > 6
• Nozzle should ensure that engine upstream is
unaffected during AB operation if used
• Deploy variable area control to meet different
operating conditions
 Nozzle Losses

• Fig1 when P
04 P
 04 Fig2 When P04 P04

Pa Pc Pa Pc
For isentropic expansion in the nozzle
T04  T5
j 
T04  T5'
For the given condition of P04 and T04
And assumed ηj,

(  1)
 
  1  

T04  T5   jT04 1   
 p /p  
  04 5  
 Critical Pressure Ratio
• Critical pressure ratio p04/pc is the pressure
ratio p04/p5 , which yields M5=1( vel at nzl exit)
• Corresponding critical temp ratio T04/Tc is
same for both isentropic and irreversible
adiabatic flow
• T04=T05

T04 T05 C52  1 2

  1  1 M5
T5 T5 2c pT5 2
• Note:
• p5=pa , for pressure ratios up to critical value
• Nozzle is choked above critical pressure ratio
• p5 remains at critical pressure pc
• For critical pressure,
• Putting M5=1 , then T04  1

Tc 2
• We can write,
T04  Tc 1
  j => c 04
T '
 T  (T04  Tc )
T04  T c
' j


T  ' ( 1)

• For isentropic process, pc  p04   c

 T04 
p04 1

• pc  
   1 
(  1)
1
 1   
  j    1 
• Minimum nozzle area is called the throat area
• Ratio of the nozzle exit area A2 to the throat
area At is called the nozzle area expansion
ratio, given by ϵ 
A2
At

• For any point x,y

A2

At

within nozzle,

• Pressure ratio found by putting M=1

 Nozzle: Functions
• Serves as a back pressure control and hence
divides power between Turbine and Jet Power
• It functions as a acceleration device
converting gas thermal energy in to Kinetic
energy
• Secondary Function
• Provide thrust reversing and thrust vectoring
as needed
Advantages of Variable area Jet Nozzles
• Throat area can be adjusted for large total
Pressure variation during AB operation
• At reduced RPM settings, engine is more
prone to surge due to lower mass flow.
– The surge tendency can be corrected by opening
the exhaust nozzle throat area
– It reduces back pressure and improves corrected
mass flow in compressor
• Full opening of exhaust throat improves
turbine expansion ratio during engine starting

– Hence turbine can produce necessary power with

lower TIT

• Under expansion of gases is less harmful than

overexpansion

• Overexpansion causes flow separation causing

lowering of aircraft performance
 Thrust reversing
• Thrust Reversing

• System requirements
– Actuated for very short period ( 2-3 sec)
– Should maintain AC stability, constant engine
power
– No Thrust asymmetry, no overheating
– Noise within limits
 Thrust Vectoring

• Improve maneuvering and augment lift in

combat
• Cooling of nozzle walls is difficult and need
additional bleed air