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Data and data Scales

• Scales of measurement
• Frequency distributions
• Discrete distributions
•Continuous distributions
Measurement scales
• Nominal – weakest. Classification of
individuals according to attributes
• Ordinal – < or > relationship holds
• Interval – By how much
• Ratio – Absolute zero

Circular
Repeated measurements
Frequency Distributions
Help to summarize large data sets into meaningful structure
Important in maintaining inventory

Entity Frequency Cumulative frequency


Guards 27 27
Foresters 46 73
Drivers 38 111
Clerks 26 137
Peons 38 175
Total N = 175

Most often not suitable for metric classes


50
40
30
20
10
0
Frequency distributions
Class Interval Frequency
10 – 19 16
20 – 29 23
30 – 39 28
Discrete
40 – 49 19
50 – 59 36
60 – 69 24
70 – 79 22
80 – 89 17

Assess assumptions through histograms and other relevant plots


Frequency distributions
Class Interval Converted Frequency
10 – 19 9.5 – 19.5 16
20 – 29 19.5 – 29.5 23
30 – 39 29.5 – 39.5 28
Continuous
40 – 49 39.5 – 49.5 19
50 – 59 49.5 – 59.5 36
60 – 69 59.5 – 69.5 24
70 – 79 29.5 – 79.5 22
80 – 89 79.5 – 89.5 17
Frequency Distributions
Class Interval Frequency
10 – 20 16
20 – 30 23
30 – 40 28
Continuous
40 – 50 19
50 – 60 36
60 – 70 24
70 – 80 22
80 – 90 17

Upper limit does not include the limit itself

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