 A sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically

causing great destruction, as a result of movements

within the earth crust or volcanic eruption

 More than 50% area in the country is considered to

be earthquake prone regions (North east,Himalayan
regions ,Indo-Gangetic plains & peninsular India)

 This is due to movement of Indian plate towards

Eurassian plate at a rate of 50mm per year
Magnitude
 Amount of elastic energy released and how big it is
 It is measured in Ritcher Scale

Intensity
 It indicates the violence of shaking or extent of damage
 Intensity scales- Modified Mercalli Intensity scale,
Medvedev Spon Bener Karnik scale
 Represented in Grades

Five seismic Zones - I,II,III,IV,V (according to IS:1893-1984)

 Nature
 Animal behavior
 Water level in wells
 Oil production
 Emission of Radon gas
 Uplifting of Earth surface
 Seismometers
 Instuments to measure seismic waves
 Seismographs
 Record intensity, height and amplitude
 The primary cause of earth quake os faults on
the crust of earth
 Basic cause is
 Surface causes:landslides,avalanche, railway
trains
 Volcanic causes:volcanic erupttions
bydisplacement of lava
 Tectonic causes:Disturbances in lithosphere
and huge strain produced on faults
 Seismic waves are two types
 Body waves-Primary(P) and Secondary(S)
waves
 Surface Waves-Long waves and Rayleigh
waves
 Tectonic Earth quake
 Volcanic Earth quake
 Factors determining the destructiveness of a
quake?
 Size of quake
 Distance from epicenter
 Depth of quake
 Duration of shaking
 The local geology
 Meteorological
conditions
 Construction
practice
 Building code
enforcement
Earthquake damage in downtown Port-au-Prince
(Source: wikimedia)
 Major Earthquake Effects
 Ground Motion: Shaking of structures results in damage or
total collapse
 Liquefaction: Happens in loose saturated cohesionless soils in
which the firm soil is converted into a fluid state which has
no shear strength and thus structures found on these soils fail
due to loss of bearing capacity of the ground
 Landslides: Vibrations during earthquake trigger large slope
failures
 Fire, Dust and Pollution : Indirect effect of earthquakes (large
scale damage triggered by EQ to gas pipe line and power
lines)
 Tsunamis: large waves created by the instantaneous
displacement of the sea floor during submarine earthquakes
10
Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking
Collapse of Buildings

Image of Bachau in Kutch region of Gujarat after earthquake 11

Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking
Building design: Buildings that are not designed for earthquake loads suffer more

Image of a collapsed building in Ahmedabad during Bhuj earthquake 12

Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking

Causes failure of lifelines

Source: google images

13
 Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction
Sand Boil: Ground water rushing to the surface due to liquefaction

Sand boils in Gujarat earthquake

 Earthquake Destruction: Fire

Earthquakes sometimes cause

fire due to broken gas lines,
contributing to the loss of life
and economy.

The destruction of lifelines and

utilities make impossible for
firefighters to reach fires started and
make the situation worse
eg. 1989 Loma Prieta
1906 San Francisco
2011 Japan
NAME YEAR OF OCCURRENCE MAGNITUDE

Cutch 1819 8.3

Assam 1897 8.7

Kangra 1905 8.6

Bihar-nepal 1934 8.4

Assam-tibet 1950 8.7

Uttarkashi 1991 6.6

Latur 1993 6.4

Konya 1967 6.5

Bihar-nepal 1988 6.6

NAME YEAR OF OCCURRENCE MAGNITUDE
Jabalpur 1997 6.0
Uttrakhand 1999 6.8
Gujarat 2001 7.7
Andaman 2002 6.5
Sumatra 2004 9.1-9.3
Kashmir 2005 7.6
Andaman 2009 7.5
Gangtok-Sikkim 2011 6.9
Nepal 2015 7.8
India-Myanmar-Bangladesh 2016 6.7
India-Bangladesh 2017 5.7
 Occurrence-West coast of India

 Occurrence of fault scrap which is about 16

mile long and 10 foot high - named as ALLAH
BUND

 This is the largest Intra-plate earthquake in

the world
 Occurrence -January 15 1935
 Time of occurrence – around 2.13 pm
 Fatal cases-7253 (India) & 3400(Nepal)
 The region surrounding 500km radius was damaged
 Slump belts were formed with fissuring and emission of
sand & water due to liquefaction
 One fissure - 15 feet deep ,30 feet wide and 900 feet
long
 Occurrence-September 30 1993 near killari
village

 Intensity grade-VIII to IX

 30% population (ie.8000 persons) were killed

 Formerly this region was under Zone 1 and

considered as non seismic zone
 Occurrence-26 January 2001
 Intensity –X
 Type-Oblique slip
 Fatal cases-13805- 20023
 No of injuries-166800
 Caused due to the reactivation of the fault
formed during 1819 (Rann of kutch earth quake)
 World’s Third largest earth quake

 Occurrence-26 December 2004

 Intensity-IX

 Epicentre depth-30 km

 Type-Mega thrust

 Fatal cases-230000-280000

 Duration of faulting - 8.3 to 10 minutes

 Earth quake happens due to the collision of Indian and Burmese plate at the
Sunda trench
 Occurrence- 26 April 2015
 Intensity –IX
 Type-Thrust
 Epicenter depth - 8.2 km
 Fatal cases-9000
 People Injured-22000
 Two powerful earth quakes were recorded with magnitude
7.8 and 6.6
 Providing rescue, first aid and medical
treatment
 Emergency housing
 Sanitation
 Preventing epidemics and secondary
disasters
 Transport base
 Earth quake valve

 Seismic retrofitting

 Awareness
THANK YOU