Th, October 19, 2017

THERMAL AND RADIATIVE PROPERTIES OF

ASH DEPOSITS OF HEAT TRANSFER
SURFACES OF BIOLER

Presented by:
2014-ME-119
2014-ME-123
2014-ME-112
2014-ME-118
2014-ME-133
2014-ME-102
Overview

 What is a Boiler?
 Fire tube/water tube boiler
 Heat Transfer Surfaces

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Ash Deposition

 Ash: solid remains of fires, non-aqueous and anon-

gaseous residues
 Fly Ash / Bottom Ash
 Radiative properties depend upon the chemical
composition
 Thermal properties depend upon the microstructure
Effect of Ash Deposition
 Mineral Matter influences the performance of combustion
systems
 Lower Heat Transfer in the system
 Increase in Hydraulic Resistance to the flow of gases
 In MHD generators deposits cause changes in electric and
magnetic fields distribution
Formation and Growth of Ash
Deposits

 Coal consists of 40-50% of mineral matter

 Burning of mineral matter results in the formation of Ash
 Deposition as slag , convected to upper part , Captured in
Filters and go to atmosphere
 Forces affecting the upward movement
 Forces creating the attraction towards surfaces
 Effect of Electric/Wander Wall’s Forces
Factors Affecting Adhesion

 Size of the Particles

 Melting Points
 Pulverization
 Temperature of Flue gases
 Amount of Air used for combustion
 Coal fired boilers vs Oil fired Boilers
Chemical Composition
 The chemical composition of boiler ashes is greatly
influenced by chemical compounds present in the form of
minerals in the fuel
 Ashes usually contain oxides like SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, Fe2O3,
MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, TiO2, V2O5, SO3, P2O5; carbonates
like NaHC03, K2CO3; sulphates like Na2SO4 , K2SO4; sulphides
like Na2S, K2S, FeS, FeS2 and chlorides like NaCl.
 Conditions, under which combustion process occurs also
effects the composition of ash.

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Chemical Composition
 The chemical composition varies from place to place in
boiler
 When chemical composition of ash changes, then the color
of the ash also varies.
 Ash-deposits, rich in CaO, Si02 and A1203, are white, white-grey,white-blue
or white-yellow
 These which have growing percentage of ironoxides have colour varying
from yellow through yellow-cynamon to cynamon—red
 High content of carbon in the ash causes its dark-grey or black colour.
 The inner sublayer is usually red-brown while the outer ones are grey.

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Chemical Composition
 Density of the ash-deposit is usually between 60 to 4000
kg/m3 and porosity in the range of 60-96%
 They usually vary from parts of a micron to even millimeters
 The outer sublayer is then built of smaller grains

External Surface of Deposit Outer Surface of Deposit 9

Radiative Properties

 Refers to the transfer of energy in the form of

electromagnetic energy packets
 Studies carried out reveal that the following Radiative
properties are embraced by ash sample;
 Emissivity
 Transmittance
 Absorption and Scattering Coefficient
Radiative Properties(Cont.)
 Emissivity
 The ratio of energy emitted from a material surface to that radiated
by a black body (perfect emitter). The total emissivity coefficient is
given by the equation;

 Transmittance
 it is the fraction of the incident electromagnetic waves falling on
the surface which tells us about the effectiveness of radiation
transmission from surface.
Radiative Properties(Cont.)
 Absorption & Scattering Coefficient
 Ash particles when move through the boiler absorb and at the
same time scatter radiations
 These are quantified by the coefficients given as;

 Dependence
 Wavelength
 Material Composition
 Size and Shape of Particle
Thermal properties of Ash
deposits
 Sintered
 Unsintered
 Slag
 Effective thermal conductivity
of the deposit
 Sintered
 Dependent upon deposit
temperature and rapid increase
when sintering begins

 Sintering leads to
 Increase in mean effective diameter
 Decrease in porosity
Un-sintered
 Lowest mean particle size
 Dimensions of pores less than 0.5um
 Correlates conductivity of air because the pores are of
mean free path of gas molecules (Knudsen effect)
 Effect with physical
dimensions
 Mean effective thermal
conductivity increases with
the increase in density

 Increases with the surface

area
 Effect with composition
 Iron oxides

 Unburnt carbons