Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENTED BY,
CONTENTS 2
INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION 3
Semi-Active Mass
Base Isolation Damping
Adaptive Control
The concept of separating the structure from the ground to avoid earthquake
damage is quite simple to grasp. After all, in an earthquake the ground moves
and it is this ground movement which causes most of the damage to
structures. An airplane flying over an earthquake is not affected.
So, the principle is simple. Separate the structure from the ground. The
ground will move but the building will not move.
PRINCIPLE OF BASE ISOLATION 10
INSTALLATION
OF
SEISMIC
ISOLATION
ISOLATOR LOCATIONS 23
The requirement for installation of a base isolation system
is that the building be able to move horizontally relative to
the ground, usually at least 100 mm.
The most common configuration is to install a diaphragm
immediately above the isolators.
If the building has a basement then the options are to
install the isolators at the top, bottom or mid-height of the
basements columns and walls.
SUITABILITY OF BASE ISOLATION 24
Thesubsoil does not produce a predominance of
long period ground motion. MOST EFFECTIVE
Thestructure is fairly jointed with sufficiently high Structure on Stiff Soil
column load. Structure with Low
Fundamental Period
The site permits horizontal displacements at the (Low-Rise Building)
base of the order of 200 mm or more.
LEAST EFFECTIVE
Lateralloads due to wind are less than
Structure on Soft Soil
approximately 10% of the weight of the structure.
Structure with High
The structure has two stories or more(heavy) Fundamental Period
The structure is fairly squat. (High-Rise Building)
Each project must be assessed individually and early in design phase to determine
the suitability for seismic isolation.
IS IT AN ECONOMIC SOLUTION? 25
Base isolation allows for a reduction in structural elements of the building with less ductile
detailing needed
Widely held misconception is that seismic isolation is expensive
E.g. Union House built in Auckland in 1983 with base isolation produced an estimated 7%
cost saving in the total construction cost of $6.6million which included a construction time
saving of 3 months due to the structural form requiring less seismic force, ductility
demands and structural deformations
As a general rule the inclusion of all aspects of seismic isolation in a new structure will add
no more than 3% to total construction cost and considerably less when assessed against the
benefits of isolation
Seismic isolation devices require no maintenance during the life of the building
Following any significant event they should be inspected to ensure bolts and load plates are
still in place.
Devices do not need replacing after an earthquake unless the event was in excess of their
design specification in which case removal of some devices for testing is recommended.
Because the building is protected from major damage, repair costs following an earthquake
will be lower to non-existent
TYPES OF BASE ISOLATION SYSTEMS
26
SLIDING SYSTEM
1. Resilient friction system
2. Friction pendulum system
ELASTOMERIC BEARING
1. Natural rubber bearing
2. Low damping rubber bearings
3. Lead plug bearings
4. High damping rubber bearing
TYPES OF BASE ISOLATION SYSTEMS
27
SLIDING SYSTEM
Uses sliding elements between the foundation and base of the
structure.
ELASTOMERIC ISOLATORS
These are formed of thin horizontal layers of natural or synthetic rubber
bonded between steel plates.
The steel plates prevent the rubber layers from bulging and so the
bearing is able to support higher vertical loads with only small
deformations.
ELASTOMERIC ISOLATORS
TYPES OF BASE ISOLATION SYSTEMS
34
For isolation they are generally used with special elastomer compounds
(high damping rubber bearings) or in combination with other devices
(lead rubber bearings).
TYPES OF BASE ISOLATION SYSTEMS
35
The lead core provides rigidity under service loads and energy dissipation
under high lateral loads.
s
Traditionally,
1 the application of the system is seen in larger buildings and bridges.
Additionally, engineers have made an effort to apply the system at a lower cost in
t
residential areas.
Base isolation techniques have been utilized worldwide for retrofitting historical
structures and monuments to reduce any possible destruction. Also on a smaller scale,
museums have started to use the system to ensure the security of artifacts
Base Isolators need not be placed only at foundation level to resist earthquake ground
motions. They can even be placed at any floor level to isolate vibrations of machine also
38
Coal is burnt in the furnace of the steam generator and converts water to steam.
Steam will be conveyed to the turbine blades which will rotate the turbine. Turbine
is coupled to the generator and electricity is generated.
39
Noting that the advances in earthquake engineering and the construction practice
are as dynamic as the world we live in. In order to use the latest technology and
ensure highest level of safety in the built environment, it is imperative that the
design and construction communities utilize the most current technologies available
like the Base isolation system.
48