Design of a novel spectrum sensing

technique in cognitive radio

vehicular ad hoc networks

Project guide:
Mrs.K.Jyostna 15071A04J6 : HARISH.T
Assistant Professor 15071A04M1 : NANDINI.M
16075A0444 : PRAVEEN.K
ECE
16075A0445 : SREEKANTH.M
 
 Problem statement

• The spectrum scarcity occurs in VANET due to

high vehicle densities, thus influencing the
transmission of safety and emergency messages.
• Cognitive Radio technology incorporated into
VANET helps to overcome this problem.
 Objective

• To increase the efficiency of spectrum utilization and improve

the network performance in Cognitive Radio VANET by using
cooperative spectrum sensing technique.
 VANET - Vehicular Adhoc Networks

• A technology that uses moving vehicles as nodes and creates a mobile

network.
• Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) is the technology
implemented for vehicle to vehicle(V2V) and vehicle to
infrastructure(V2I) communication.
• 75MHz bandwidth is reserved worldwide in the 5.9 GHz band for
vehicular communications.
• Its characteristics are high mobility, unbound networks size, dynamic
topology , etc,.
• Supports transmitting safety and non safety messages between vehicles.
VANET applications
 DSRC channels:
• 6 service channels(SCH) – Used for non-safety communications.
• 1 control channels(CCH)– Used for safety communications.
• 1 Reserved Channel - 5 MHz Bandwidth for Future use
 SCH and CCH

• CCH - transmits safety related messages(Emergency messages and

periodic beacon messages) and control messages.
– Beacon contains all the information about the network. Beacon
messages are transmitted periodically, they serve to announce the
presence of a network, broadcasting the vehicular information like
position, speed, direction, distance and to synchronize the
members of the service set.
• SCH – transmits non safety messages (comfort and infotainment).
WAVE Protocol stack
 Limitations

• The increase in traffic leads to spectrum scarcity, which leads to delay in

transmitting emergency messages.

Solution
• Cognitive Radio allocates the spectrum from a network considering the
users in that networks as primary users(PU) and the user from other
network as secondary user(SU).
• Incorporating such technology in VANET is highly advantageous.
 Cognitive Radio

• A technology which has the ability to sense the external environment and
adjusts its transmission parameters according to the current state of
network.
• CR considers the users in the licensed band as primary/licensed
users(PU) and the users trying to access the licensed band as
secondary/unlicensed users(SU).
• It allocates the spectrum from a network to SU without interference with
PU.
 Cognitive Radio VANET

• The Cognitive Radio in VANET utilize the TV white space (512-698 MHZ) .
• In telecommunications, white spaces refer to frequencies allocated to a broadcasting
service but not used locally.
• The Cognitive Radio senses the spectrum holes in TV white space and allocates it to
a vehicle in Vanet called as secondary user(SU) whenever necessary .
• The Dynamic Spectrum Access(DSA) alleviates the problems in static spectrum
access such as under utilization of spectrum
Cognitive Radio Cycle
 Spectrum management

• SPECTRUM SENSING: CR node monitors and senses Spectrum

Holes.
• SPECTRUM DECISION: Selects best available channel with
maximum QoS.
• SPECTRUM SHARING: Coordinates access to the available channel
with others.
• SPECTRUM MOBILITY: Vacate and allocate another channel when
PU activity is detected.
 Spectrum sensing
• Spectrum sensing enables a Cognitive Radio to measure,
learn, and be aware of its operating environment in order to
vary the SU transmission parameters.
• When a certain frequency band is detected to be in idle at a
particular time in a specific position, the SU can utilize the
spectrum .
Spectrum sensing classification
 Non cooperative spectrum sensing
1) Energy Detection:
• This technique is suboptimal and can be applied to any signal. Conventional energy
detector consists of a low pass filter to reject out of band noise and adjacent signals.

2) Matched Filter Detection:

• Method for detection of Pus when the transmitted signal is known. The main
advantage is the short time to achieve a certain probability of false alarm or
probability of misdetection.

3) Cyclostationary Feature Detection

• It have been introduced as a complex two dimensional signal processing technique
for recognition of modulated signals in the presence of noise and interference. To
identify the received primary signal in the presence of primary users it exploits
periodicity of modulated signals couple with sine wave carriers, hopping
sequences, cyclic prefixes etc.
 Cooperative spectrum sensing

• Cooperative sensing is a solution to enhance the detection performance,

in which SUs collaborate with each other to sense the spectrum to find
the spectrum holes.
• The process used by SU to confirm the state of channel (idle or busy)
through the cooperation with other SUs or a fusion center.
Cooperative spectrum sensing - CENTRALIZED APPROACH

• A central node within the network collects the 
sensing  information  from  all  the  SUs  within 
the network. It then analyses the information 
and  determines  the  frequencies  that 
can/cannot  be  used.  CR  central  node  can 
also  organise  the  various  SUs  to  undertake 
different measurements at different times.
 Cooperative spectrum sensing- DISTRIBUTED APPROACH
• A cognitive node share information through local
communications, in-order to make their own decisions
as to which part of the spectrum can be used. DCSS is
more advantageous as there is no need for a backbone
infrastructure.
 Spectrum sensing using database

• In this algorithm the PU activity is stored in a database which is static.

• We conceder 4 PUs and a few number of SUs scattered all over the given
range.
• The SU’s use energy detection for sensing the data of PU activity from RF
stimuli.
• The data sensed by the SUs is gathered by the fusion centre which also has
the database .
• The fusion centre combines the data via majority rule and the combined
result is compared with the database .
• If verified, the result is sensed vacant band.
 Energy detection

• The energy detection is a non coherent detection technique, the primary

user detection and its statistics does not need any prior knowledge of the
primary user signal to determine whether the channel is occupied or not.
• Consequently, it is considered the one of simplest techniques of spectrum
sensing to detect primary user transmitter .
• The most advantages of using energy detection, low computational cost,
easy implementation, less complexity and does not need any prior
knowledge of primary user .
Energy detection: 
FLOW DIAGRAM
RESULT: