Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Climatology:
Objective:
• Wind flow :
• direction %
• & velocity-m/s
• Anemometer - Meteorological
department
c- absorbed in atmosphere-25 %
d- diffuse on ground- 23 %
e- direct on ground- 27 %
Total on ground – 50 %
GROUND
50 % ON GROUND
Geometry of Solar movement
Architect should familiar with
position & intensity of the Sun
through out the year for :
Line of cancer
N • Seasons – summer, winter,
spring, autumn
90 90
SUN • Solstice & Equinox condition
Line of Capricorn
23.5 • Summer solstice – 21 st June
21 June 21 Dec • Longest day/shortest night
SOLSTICE CONDITION • high sun angle in N hemisphere
• 84 angle at noon in Kathmandu
• Perpendicular to line of cancer
2.4 Solar Chart & its uses
•Solar Chart i.e. Sun
path diagram
•A plot of Sun’s
position on the earth
hemisphere for any
time & day of the year
2. Artificial techniques:
• External shading devices
• Internal shading devices
3.1 Solar radiation control techniques –
vegetation
Vegetation :
• Growing plants & trees in & around
building
• Soft surface absorb heat & reflect
less
• Especially deciduous plants shades in
summer
• & allow sun light in winter
3.2 Shading Device - External
HORIZONTAL SHADING
DEVICE:
• Effective in high Sun angle
• Effective when Sun is
opposite to the window wall
TYPE:
• ROOF OVERHANG
• BALCONY
• CANOPY
• HORIZONTAL BLADE
3.2 Shading devices – Artificial
Internal & External
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
• CURTAIN • HORIZONTAL SHADING
• VENETIN BLIND DEVICE
• ROLLER
• VERTICAL SHADING DEVICE
Shading devices by
Shadow angles :
1. Horizontal shadow
angle( delta )
2. Vertical shadow angle (
ebsilent)
Shadow Angles : (Calculation)
In a building,
Conduction: through wall in direct contact
• Unit=W/m deg C
Where,
Decrement factor:
• Ratio
• T I max to To max
• DF = T I max/To max
• Taken from daily mean
• Within 24 hrs
3.3 Thermal Control Techniques in hot climate
(Hot arid & Warm- humid)
DESIGN OBJECTIVE:
• To prevent heat gain
• To max heat loss
• Remove excess heat by
cooling methods
Planning:
• open & free in warm humid
• & courtyard in hot arid
Openings:
• big, moderate for cross ventilation with
shading device in warm humid climate,
• double glazed &
• air tight in hot arid climate
External surface:
• with solar absorptive surface,
• Soft surface with greenery, grass, etc
• Water body- pool, pond, fountain
Wall:
• cavity/ multilayer/ massive
• with low U value
1.) ARCHITECTURAL TECHNIQUE ( PASSIVE &
STRUCTURAL)
Roof:
• Attic as buffer space,
• false ceiling,
• d. roofing,
• insulated flat roof
Low U value:
• construction using of light weight insulated
material
• wood wool, mineral wool
• in wall, roof, floor etc
• Min heat exchange from these
construction
• From inside to outside or vice versa
Shading device:
• max use of internal (curtain, blind, sp glass)
• & external shading devices (vertical,
horizontal & egg crate)
2.) NATURAL CONTROL TECHNIQUE
3.) ACTIVE CONTROL
2.) NATURAL CONTROL TECHNIQUE
Passive design:
• Passive cooling by roof shading, wind tower, wind tunnel
etc
Color:
• light & bright in roof & wall
Texture:
• smooth texture in roof & wall
Vegetation:
• Max Greenery in & around building to protect from Sun
Water body:
• Max fountain & pool in & around building for cooling
purpose
Energy saving:
• Heat transfer min
• & no or less energy
• required for desired temp for
thermal comfort
Prevention of Condensation:
• prevention of moisture
deposition in interior wall, ceiling
etc
Thermal Insulating material
Insulation board:
• 2.5x 60x 120 cm board
• of cork sheet, mineral wool, saw
dust, asbestos cement etc
• fixed to wall/ roof
Insulation blanket:
• roll of mineral wool, wood fibre,
cotton,
• etc 12-80 mm thick
• fixed on wall/ ceiling
Shelters in Terai region of Nepal
Characteristics of climate:
• Sub tropical composite climate with
• Hot -arid: Chaitra – Jestha
• Warm-Humid: Ashad – Bhadra during
Monsoon season
• Cool : Mansir – Magh
• Favorable : Ashoj, Kartik, Falgun
• Altitude: <1200m
• Temp: >3o deg C summer day
nearly 16 C winter day
Diurnal & annual temp variation high
Diurnal range = min 10 deg C
Annual range > 20 C
Building design :
• Orientation: towards E & W for living spaces
bad SW
• Planning:
courtyard type traditional settlement with
attached type buildings
Single row room with cross ventilation
winter Sun should be admitted & Summer Sun
excluded with deciduous trees, shading device
Passive design:
• Cavity, multilayer, massive wall & roof
• False ceiling, suspended floor
• Attic as buffer space highly recommended
Building design :
• Orientation: towards S,SE, SW for living
spaces & bad N
• Location: on southern slope of hill as
traditional vernacular architecture
Passive design:
• Cavity, multilayer, massive wall & roof
• False ceiling, suspended floor
• Attic as buffer space highly
recommended
Building design :
• Orientation: towards S,SE, SW for living
spaces & bad towards N
• Location: on southern slope of foot hill as
traditional vernacular architecture
Passive design:
• Cavity, multilayer, massive wall & roof
• False ceiling, suspended floor
• Attic as buffer space highly recommended
• Earth shelter recommended with North side
natural earthen wall
• Scale:
a) Richter scale (according to
seismogram)
b) Modified Mercalli scale (I-XII)-
according to EQ Magnitude & its
effect/damaged
Historical Background of EQ in & near Nepal:
2. Location of epicenter
4. Geographic condition
5. Type of structure/Building
7. Population density
Natural Ventilation:
• Natural wind effect –
direction & velocity of wind
in & around buildings
• Air-conditioning– ventilation
by mechanical device AC
Stack effect – ventilation by duct arrangement
WIND MOVEMENT IN & AROUND BUILDINGS -
EFFECT OF BUILDING SHAPE (PLAN)
_ _
+ +
ROUND PLAN
_
+
EFFECT OF TALL BUILDING
BETTER
POOR
Canopy
+
If 109 km/hr
5m
76 kg/sq m
Visual
comfort Noise
Air Thermal
quality comfort
Humidity
What is comfort?
INTERNAL COMFORT
Mental comfort
• feeling of a person
Volume:
• Lecture hall = 3.5-4.5 cu m
/person
• Cinema/concert hall = 4-5.5 cu m
/person
Area:
• Classroom = 0.6-2 sq m /person
• Bed = min.12 sq m
• M. bed = min.15 sq m
Height:
• Residence = min 8 ft. or 2.4 m. in
Kathmandu
• Residence = min 10 ft. or 3 m in Terai
• Office = min.10 ft or 3 m
PSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT (Color, texture, interior
design) • very essential for the mental & emotional
well-being
Surface Condensation
appear:
• on a bathroom mirror
• in a kitchen
• beer bottle
By using exhaust fan
• moisture removed by
exhaust fan
• to replace by dry
outside air
By using moisture barrier
• polyethylene sheet,
insulation papers,
aluminum foils
• Bitumen/asphalt