VIBRATIONS

Definition

• Vibrations are oscillations of a system about an equilbrium position.

Vibration…

It is a phenomenon
we come across in
everyday life
Vibration …
Useful Vibration Harmful vibration
Compressor
Noise
Testing

Destruction

Wear
Ultrasonic
cleaning

Fatigue
• Also vibrations play a key role in functioning of the best
machine ever built (Probably)
Breathing
Hearing
Speaking
History – Major contributions

• People became interested in vibration when they created the first musical
instruments

• The Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras (582 - 507 B.C.) is

considered to be the first person to investigate musical sounds on a
scientific basis

• Around 350 B.C. Aristotle wrote treatises on music and sound

• In 320 B.C., Aristoxenus, wrote a three-volume work
entitled Elements of Harmony.

• In about 300 B.C., in a treatise called Introduction to

Harmonics, Euclid, wrote briefly about music without any
reference to the physical nature of sound.

• Vitruvius, a famous Roman architect, wrote in about 20

B.C. on the acoustic properties of theaters.
• In A.D. 132, Zhang Heng invented the world’s first seismograph.

• In Discourses Concerning Two New Sciences,

published in 1638, Galileo discussed vibrating bodies.

• Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) published

his monumental work,

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, in 1686

• Taylor (1685-1731) : The natural frequency of vibration obtained from the

equation of motion derived by Taylor agreed with the experimental values

observed by Galileo and Mersenne.

• The procedure adopted by Taylor was perfected through the introduction of

partial derivatives in the equations of motion by Daniel Bernoulli (1700

1782), Jean D Alembert (1717 - 1783), and Leonard Euler (1707-1783).

• Daniel Bernoulli in his memoir, published by the Berlin Academy in 1755 –
Principle of coexistence of small oscillations – Superposition

• The vibration of thin beams supported and clamped in different ways was
first studied by Euler in 1744 and Daniel Bernoulli in 1751. Their approach
has become known as the Euler-Bernoulli or thin beam theory.

• Charles Coulomb did both theoretical and experimental studies in 1784 on

the torsional oscillations of a metal cylinder suspended by a wire

• The correct boundary conditions for the vibration of plates were given in
1850 by G. R. Kirchhoff (1824 -1887).
• In 1877, Lord Baron Rayleigh published his book on the theory of sound

• In 1902, Frahm investigated the importance of torsional vibration study in

the design of the propeller shafts of steamships

Modern Contributors:

Stodola, De Laval, Timoshenko, and Mindlin are notable

Necessity for study of vibrations ?

• The structures designed to support heavy centrifugal machines, like

motors and turbines, or reciprocating machines, like steam and gas
engines and reciprocating pumps, are also subjected to vibration.

• Most prime movers have vibrational problems due to the inherent

unbalance in the engines.

• The unbalance may be due to faulty design or poor manufacture.

Effect of vibrations

• Imbalance in diesel engines, for example, can cause ground waves

sufficiently powerful to create a nuisance in urban areas.

• The wheels of some locomotives can rise more than a centimeter off the
track at high speeds due to imbalance.

• In turbines, vibrations cause spectacular mechanical failures.

• Engineers have not yet been able to prevent the failures that result from
blade and disk vibrations in turbines.
• Furthermore, the vibration causes more rapid wear of machine parts such
as bearings and gears and also creates excessive noise.

• In machines, vibration can loosen fasteners such as nuts.

• In metal cutting processes, vibration can cause chatter, which leads to a

poor surface finish
Basic Terminology
• Periodic motion:

If the motion is repeated after equal intervals of time, it is called periodic

motion. The simplest type of periodic motion is harmonic motion.
1. Cycle - one complete vibration

2. Period: Time interval required for a system to complete a full cycle of the
motion is the period of the vibration.

3. Amplitude : Maximum displacement of the system from the equilibrium

position

4. Frequency : number of cycles per second (units = hertz, Hz)

2  1  
T f   
  T 2 
Degrees of Freedom

• The minimum number of independent coordinates required to determine

completely the positions of all parts of a system at any instant of time
defines the number of degrees of freedom of the system.
SDOF
 Classification of Vibrations
1. Free and Forced Vibrations:

Free Vibrations: When a system is initially disturbed (by a displacement,

velocity or acceleration) is left to vibrate on it’s own, the ensuing vibration is
known as free vibration.

The frequency of vibration is called as natural frequency

• Forced vibrations:If the system is subjected to an external force, the result is

forced vibrations.
Resonance

• However, when the force frequency is increased to the system’s natural

frequency, amplitudes will dangerously increase in this region. This
phenomenon called as “Resonance”

• Whenever the natural frequency of vibration of a machine or structure

coincides with the frequency of the external excitation, there occurs a
phenomenon known as resonance, which leads to excessive deflections
and failure.
Undamped and Damped vibrations

• If no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or resistance during oscillation, it is

called undamped vibration.

• If energy is lost during oscillation, it is called damped vibration.

Types of Damping:

1. Fluid/Viscous damping

2. Coulomb damping

3. Internal friction in materials

4. Radiation of energy into surroundings

Deterministic and Random vibrations
Vibration analysis
Simple Harmonic motion

• A special kind of periodic motion occurs in mechanical systems when the

force acting on the object is proportional to the position of the object
relative to some equilibrium position

• If the force is always directed toward the equilibrium position, the motion is
called simple harmonic motion
SHM
Scope