Wind Energy

Ramu Kandregula, Assistant Professor

Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology
Visakhapatnam
 WIND ENERGY - Syllabus

 Sources
 Potentials of Wind Energy
 Horizontal Axis Wind mill
 Vertical Axis Wind mill
 Performance Characteristics
 Betz Criteria
 Types of Winds
 Wind Data Measurement
 History
 Concept of Wind Power Existed from almost 2ooo Years
 Sources of Wind Energy

 Global Winds
 Local Winds
Global Winds
Global Winds Contd..
Global Winds causing Monsoons
Local Winds
Potentials of Wind Energy
Potential of Wind Energy in India
 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

On Shore Wind Turbine Off Shore Wind Turbine

Noise Range of Wind Turbine
HAWT
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine contd..
 Wind Turbine Design Aspects

1. Aero Dynamical Performance

2. Mechanical strength Criteria
3. Economical Aspects
 Lift in Aerofoil Blade

Multiple Theories explaining the “LIFT” on a aerofoil

Blade. Most common are the following
1. Bernouli’s Principle
2. Newtons third Law
3. Coanda Effect
Lift Principle using Bernouli’s Principle
Lift using Newton’s Third Law
Principle
 Lift Using Coanda Effect

Coanda Effect is the

“Tendency of fluid jet to
get attached to a Convex
surface”.
Lift in a Wind Turbine Blade
 Velocity Triangle in Wind Turbine

Aerofoil is rotated such a way that “Blade axis is inline with Relative velocity”
Optimized Angle of Attack
Change of angle of attach with Variable wind
speeds

With increasing magnitude of wind speeds, the magnitude of

blade velocity and Relative velocity were changing. So Angle of
attack of wind must also change to get more efficiency. So pitch
control of blade will take of it.
Importance of Mechanical power
Transmission in Wind Turbine

Wind blades rotate at low speed because of following reasons. At High

speeds they posses
1. More Noise
2. Less Blade Strength

So the Speed of wind turbines are intentionally constrained to low speeds.

Mechanical Transmission contd..

 Planetary Gear Box is used to increase the speed of Wind

Turbine to suit the Electrical generator

 Increase in Speed Ratio ~1:90

 Cut Off speed is 80Km/hr – To Limit the Damage

 Velocity Sensor – To Measure Wind speeds and apply breaks

if needed
Blade Design Considerations

 Velocity of the Wind

 Length of the Blade
 Height of the wind Turbine
 Angle of Attack of wind speed
 Twist of the Blade
 Length of the Blade

P α L2
Problems Associated with
Excess length of Blade are

1. Over Deflection of the

Blade
2. Problem of Noise
3. Heavy Investment
Height of the Wind Turbine
Wind Power Density Vs Height
 Twist of the Blade along length
 To make sure angle of Attack should be optimum along the
wind turbine
 Wind Efficiency

 Efficiency is the percentage of Wind energy utilized in the turbine

and converted into useful work.
Wind Turbine Efficiency Contd..
 BETZ’S Criterion
 Maximum Efficiency is 59.3%

1850 1900 1950 2010

Variation of Wind turbine Efficiency over the Years

How to Operate HAWT against Wind
Variations?

 Two Main Functionalities of Wind Turbine

1. Yawing Mechanism
2. Pitch Control
Yawing of the Blade
 Pitch Control of Blade

 Pitch control means rotating the blade on its axis to change the angle of
attack during the change of wind direction
Various Other Applications of
Wind Energy
Vertical Axis wind Turbine
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Buoyant Airborne Turbine (BAT)
HAWT with Wind Lense
Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbine
Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine
Wind Tree
Wind Anemometers