BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY

RELATIONSHIP OF
HUMANISATION IN
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER THREE

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Economic Census 2016 - Environmental Compliance

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Compendium of Environment Statistics 2017
The Compendium of Environment Statistics (CES) presents statistics
on environment for the period 2012-2016/2017 namely air, water
(inland and marine), land and urban/human settlements. The
compilation of the statistics includes environmental information,
impacts of human activities on the environment and actions taken to
minimise the impact. The data are obtained from various agencies.

Malaysia is a country rich in water resources as it receives a high

rainfall. In 2016, Kuching station recorded the highest annual rainfall
of 5,423.0 mm with an increase of 877.5 mm as compared to 2015
(4,545.5 mm). Meanwhile, the lowest annual rainfall was recorded at
Temerloh station with 1,397.8 mm in 2016 (2015: 1,193.2 mm).

In addition, Malaysia also experienced a warm and humid climate in

2016 where the lowest temperature was recorded at Cameron
Highland station (16.2ºC) while the highest temperature was recorded
at Jerantut station (34.2ºC). These readings increased as compared
to 2015 where the lowest temperature recorded was 15.9ºC
(Cameron Highland) and the highest temperature recorded was
33.8ºC (Temerloh).

Permanent Reserved Forests (PRF) play a role in controlling

excessive water run-off and in containing water. In 2016, 12.8 million
hectares of Malaysia’s total area was PRF area. 0.7 million hectares
of the PRF area was peat swamp forest and 0.6 million hectares was
mangrove forest.

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3.1 ENGINEERING AND

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

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HOW BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AFFECTS THE

ENVIRONMENT????
• It’s not just the methods and materials used to construct a building that
affects the environment. How it’s built to operate has a huge impact as well.
• For example, using non-sustainable materials in the construction of the
building has a temporary negative effect.The use of a non-efficient HVAC
system will have a negative effect on the environment that’s long-term. The
following are some of the major ways that building construction can hurt the
environment, both in the short- and long-term:

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HOW BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AFFECTS THE

ENVIRONMENT????
Energy Use
• According to the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), buildings account
for an average of 41% of the world’s energy use. The two other biggest energy
consumers don’t even come close. The industrial sector accounts
for 30% while transportation accounts for 29%. Part of this is due to the huge
amount of electricity that buildings tend to use. In the United States, buildings
are responsible for 73% of the country’s electricity consumption.
• So what is it that’s taking up so much energy? Well, it’s many things. A building’s
lighting system, heating and cooling system and outlet use all contribute.

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HOW BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AFFECTS THE

ENVIRONMENT????

Impact on the Air

• American building construction is
responsible for a huge percentage
of the greenhouse gas emissions
that have been affecting climate
change. In fact, the buildings are
responsible for 38% of all CO2
emissions.
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HOW BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AFFECTS THE

ENVIRONMENT????

Water Use
• Buildings are responsible for not just a
large percentage of the world’s water use,
but a large percentage of wasted water as
well. It’s estimated that buildings use
13.6% of all potable water, which is
roughly 15 trillion gallons of water per
year.

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HOW BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AFFECTS THE

ENVIRONMENT????
Construction Materials
• The materials used in building construction also have a serious impact on the environment. First of all,
many of the materials used in the construction of buildings are produced in a non-sustainable way. The
factories that make the materials produce damaging CO2 emissions.
• Then there’s the issue of transportation. Materials that are not produced locally are often shipped from
across the country or even from overseas. The transportation required for shipping these materials has a
considerable impact on air quality.
• There is a huge environmental impact associated with the extraction and consumption of raw materials
for the use of building materials. Not to mention the actual production of those materials in their final
form.According to the USGBC, 40% of the world’s raw materials are used in the construction of
buildings.

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HOW BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AFFECTS THE

ENVIRONMENT????
Waste From Building Construction and Demolition
• The destruction and renovation of buildings result in a large amount of waste.
Building waste often includes concrete, metals, glass, plastics, wood, asphalt, bricks and
more. This waste is often disposed of in either landfills or incinerators. Not only does
this pollute the land and the air, but the transportation required to remove such waste
has a major impact on the environment as well.
• According to the Environmental Protection Agency, there were already over 170 million
tons of debris generated in the construction and demolition of buildings in the U.S.
alone in 2003. 61 percent of which were produced by nonresidential buildings.

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 BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY

HOW BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AFFECTS THE

ENVIRONMENT????
Construction Materials
• The materials used in building construction also have a serious impact on the environment. First of all,
many of the materials used in the construction of buildings are produced in a non-sustainable way. The
factories that make the materials produce damaging CO2 emissions.
• Then there’s the issue of transportation. Materials that are not produced locally are often shipped from
across the country or even from overseas. The transportation required for shipping these materials has a
considerable impact on air quality.
• There is a huge environmental impact associated with the extraction and consumption of raw materials
for the use of building materials. Not to mention the actual production of those materials in their final
form.According to the USGBC, 40% of the world’s raw materials are used in the construction of
buildings.

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 BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY

HOW CONSTRUCTION CAN PROTECT THE

ENVIRONMENT?

Erosion and sediment controls

• According to the regulations, construction firms should “design, install and
maintain” erosion controls to “minimize the discharge of pollutants.” These
controls should include mechanisms to curtail stormwater controls and by
minimizing the “amount of soil exposed during construction activity.”

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HOW CONSTRUCTION CAN PROTECT THE

ENVIRONMENT?

Soil stabilization
• This is an important component of the construction process and it must be
initiated immediately whenever you are carrying out excavating work on a site.
The rules indicate that the stabilization process must be completed within a
time period applicable to local construction rules and regulations. However,
the process may not be required depending on the structure of your
construction project.

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HOW CONSTRUCTION CAN PROTECT THE

ENVIRONMENT?
Pollution prevention measures
• There are many chemicals used during the construction process, many of which can be quite
harmful to both your contract workers and the surrounding environment if not handled
correctly. Therefore, the EPA recommends that you design “install, implement and maintain
effective pollution prevention measures” during the course of a project, to ensure pollutants
are discharged correctly and safely with limited impact on the environment.
• The rules maintain that you must ensure you minimize the “discharge of pollutants” from any
equipment you use on site. This includes site vehicles, wheel wash water, and associated
chemicals. The rules also say that you should limit the “exposure of building materials,
products, construction wastes” and any other related materials to both “precipitation and to
stormwater.”
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HOW CONSTRUCTION CAN PROTECT THE

ENVIRONMENT?
Prohibited discharges
• According to the EPA rules, there are certain discharges that are prohibited. This is primarily
to protect both your contract workers and the surrounding environment. They include the
following rules:
• Wastewater from washout of concrete, unless “managed by an appropriate control”
• Wastewater discharges as a result of painting, release of oils, curing compounds and “other
construction materials”
• The discharge of fuels, oils and “other pollutants used in vehicle and equipment operation and
maintenance”

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HOW CONSTRUCTION CAN PROTECT THE

ENVIRONMENT?
• Promoting green building
• The green building process uses environmentally friendly materials that can save 250 metric
tons of CO2 emissions annually, according to environmental group LEED.
• Furthermore, according to a new report by Dodge Data and Analytics, green building
continues to double every three years, with 60 per cent of construction projects expected to
be green by 2018 and roughly 70 per cent of the survey’s respondents citing lower operating
costs as the “greatest benefit” of building green. The research also says that increasingly
construction firms are being asked to build projects that are both sustainable and energy
efficient.

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CLASS ACTIVITY 1

• Form a group consisting of five (5) members.

• Focus on the latest Malaysia Initiative, Multi Lane Free Flow (MLFF) system for our
highway. Discuss and share your thoughts on the following:

3 relevant environmental impacts (good/bad) associated with current tolling

system

3 environmental impacts (good/ bad) of new Multi Lane Free Flow System

Upload to your ‘online’ submission portal by the end of the class (6pm)

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 BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY

CURRENT TOLLING SYSTEM

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 BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY

FUTURE! MLFF

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3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL
ETHICS

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ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS?
• Environmental ethics is the part of environmental philosophy which
considers extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including
humans to including the non-human world. It exerts influence on a large range
of disciplines including environmental law, environmental
sociology, ecotheology, ecological economics, ecology and environmental
geography.

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 BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY

HUMAN DECISIONS VS ENVIRONMENT

• Should humans continue to clear cut forests for the sake of human consumption?
• Why should humans continue to propagate its species, and life itself?
• Should humans continue to make gasoline-powered vehicles?
• What environmental obligations do humans need to keep for future generations?
• Is it right for humans to knowingly cause the extinction of a species for the convenience of
humanity?
• How should humans best use and conserve the space environment to secure and expand life?
• What role can Planetary Boundaries play in reshaping the human-earth relationship?

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 BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY

GLOBAL INITIATIVES THAT ADVOCATE THE PROTECTION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT..

1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific
and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations,[1][2] set up at the
request of member governments, dedicated to the task of providing the world with an
objective, scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts.[3] It was
first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and
later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53.

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GLOBAL INITIATIVES THAT ADVOCATE THE PROTECTION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT..

• 2. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

• https://www.unenvironment.org/
• The United Nations Environment Programme is an agency of United Nations and
coordinates its environmental activities, assisting developing countries in
implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.

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GLOBAL INITIATIVES THAT ADVOCATE THE PROTECTION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT..

3. Earth System Governance Project (ESGP)

• http://www.earthsystemgovernance.org/
• The Earth System Governance Project[1] is a long-term, interdisciplinary social science
research programme originally developed under the auspices of the International Human
Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change.[2] It started in January 2009.
• The Earth System Governance Project currently consists of a network of ca. 300 active and
about 2,300 indirectly involved scholars from all continents.The project has evolved into the
largest social science research network in the area of governance and global environmental
change.[3] The Earth System Governance Project Office is hosted at Lund University, Sweden.

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GLOBAL INITIATIVES THAT ADVOCATE THE PROTECTION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT..

3. Earth System Governance Project (ESGP)

• The Earth System Governance Project aims to contribute to science on the large, complex challenges
of governance in an era of rapid and large-scale environmental change. The project seeks to create a
better understanding of the role of institutions, organizations and governance mechanisms by which
humans regulate their relationship with the natural environment.[1] The Earth System Governance
Project aims to integrate governance research at all levels. The project aims to examine problems of
the ‘global commons’, but also local problems from air pollution to the preservation of waters, waste
treatment or desertification and soil degradation. However, due to natural interdependencies local
environmental pollution can be transformed into changes of the global system that affect other
localities. Therefore, the Earth System Governance Project looks at institutions and governance
processes both local and globally.[4]
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GLOBAL INITIATIVES THAT ADVOCATE THE PROTECTION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT..

4. Global Environment Facility (GEF)

• https://www.thegef.org/
• The Global Environment Facility (GEF) was established on the eve of the 1992 Rio Earth
Summit to help tackle our planet’s most pressing environmental problems. The GEF unites 183
countries in partnership with international institutions, civil society organizations (CSOs), and the
private sector to address global environmental issues while supporting national sustainable
development initiatives. Since 1992, the GEF has provided over $17 billion in grants and mobilized
an additional $88 billion in financing for more than 4000 projects in 170 countries.[1] Through
its Small Grants Programme (SGP), the GEF has invested $450million and leveraged similar levels of
co financing supporting over 14,500 community based projects in over 125 countries.
• .
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GLOBAL INITIATIVES THAT ADVOCATE THE PROTECTION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT..

4. Global Environment Facility (GEF)

• An independently operating financial organization, the GEF provides grants for
projects related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land
degradation, the ozone layer, persistent organic pollutants
(POPs), mercury, sustainable forest management, food security, sustainable cities.

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GLOBAL INITIATIVES THAT ADVOCATE THE PROTECTION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT..

4. Global Environment Facility (GEF)

The GEF also serves as financial mechanism for the following conventions:
• CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
• Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
• Minamata Convention on Mercury

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GLOBAL INITIATIVES THAT ADVOCATE THE PROTECTION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT..

5. Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES)

• The Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) is a
non-profit organization based in the US which comprises investors and
environmental, religious and public interest groups. The coalition's purpose is to
promote investment policies that are environmentally, socially and financially sound.
• First published in the fall of 1989, the Ceres Principles are a 10-point code of
corporate environmental ideals to be publicly endorsed by companies as an
environmental mission statement or ethic.

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GLOBAL INITIATIVES THAT ADVOCATE THE PROTECTION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT..

5. Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES)10

The 10 Ceres Principles are:
• Protection of the biosphere
• Sustainable use of natural resources
• Reduction and disposal of wastes
• Energy conservation
• Risk reduction

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GLOBAL INITIATIVES THAT ADVOCATE THE PROTECTION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT..

5. Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES)10

The 10 Ceres Principles are:
• Safe products and services
• Environmental restoration
• Informing the public
• Management commitment
• Audits and reports

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3.3 ENGINEERING LAWS-

ENVIRONMENT

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ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

• Environmental law, also known as environmental and natural resources law, is

a collective term describing the network
of treaties, statutes, regulations, common and customary laws addressing the effects
of human activity on the natural environment. The core environmental law regimes
address environmental pollution. A related but distinct set of regulatory regimes,
now strongly influenced by environmental legal principles, focus on the
management of specific natural resources, such as forests, minerals, or fisheries.
Other areas, such as environmental impact assessment, may not fit neatly into
either category, but are nonetheless important components of environmental law.

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 BFC 32202 – ENGINEERS & SOCIETY

POLLUTION CONTROL

• Air quality
• Water quality
• Waste management
• Contaminant cleanup
• Chemical safety
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RESOURCE SUSTAINABILITY

• Impact assessment
• Water resources
• Mineral resources
• Forest resources
• Wildlife and plants
• Fish and game

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PRINCIPLES

• Sustainable development
• Equity
• Transboundary responsibility
• Public participation and transparency
• Precautionary principle
• Prevention
• Polluter pays principle

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MALAYSIA NATIONAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT

• National Policy on the Environment (DASN) has been established for

continuous economic, social and cultural progress and enhancement of
the quality of life of Malaysians through environmentally sound and
sustainable development.
• The objectives of DASN are to achieve; (1) A clean environment, safe,
healthy and productive environment for present and future generations,
(2) Conservation of country’s unique and diverse cultural and natural
heritage with effective participation by all sectors of society, and (3)
Sustainable lifestyles and patterns of consumption and production.

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NATIONAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT (DASN)

• There are eight (8) principles listed

under DASN to harmonise economic
development goals with environmental
• Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
imperatives:
• Integrated Decision-Making
• Stewardship of the Environment
• Role of the Private Sector
• Conservation of Nature’s Vitality and
Diversity • Commitment and Accountability

• Continuous Improvement in the Quality • Active Participation in the

of the Environment International Community

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COURT CASE- 2017

• Summary for 2017

• Laporan mahkamah- Disember 2017
• Laporan mahkamah- September 2017
• Laporan mahkamah- April 2017

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CLASS ACTIVITY 2

• Form a group consisting of five (5) members.

• Discuss and share your thoughts on the following:

Your own experience on environmental violation (Max. 2 situations)

What could be done by you?

What could be done by others?

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THANK YOU & ……

BDD/FKAAS/UTHM