Applications and layered architectures overview

Applications and layered architectures
• Various services: various applications require

various services
• Flexibility: powerful networks need to be
flexible enough to support the current services
and future services
• Architectures: an overall network architecture
is necessary to achieve the flexibility
1
Layered architectures
• Layers: grouping the common functions
• Benefits of layers:
– Simplicity: easy to design once layers and their
interaction are defined clearly
– Flexibility: easy to modify and develop
networks by separate layers modifications
– Incremental changes: add new layers, add new
functions to a layer
2
Three obvious tasks (layers)
• Transport of data across the network from
one end to the other
• Routing/forwarding of packets across
multiple hops
• Transfer of a frame from one interface to
another (i.e., one hop).
3
Big picture of layered architectures
• Web browsing and e-mail examples

• OSI reference model (Seven layers)
• TCP/IP architecture
• Detailed end-to-end examples to complete
big picture of layered architectures
• Socket API and other utilities
4
Terminology
• Client/Server model: the most typical interaction between
two parties within networks
• Client: the process making requests
• Server (Daemon): the process waiting and receiving
requests, processing the requests and returning results
• Protocols: a set of rules governing how two
communicating parties are to interact.
• Service: a protocol will provide a service
• Layers’ protocols: each layer carries out a specific set of
functions using its own protocol, and builds on the services
of the layer below it (provides a service to its upper layer).
5
Example—HTTP and Web Browsing
• HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol

– Rules by which the (HTTP) client and server
interact so as to retrieve a document and how
the request and response are phased
– Client sets up a two-way connection before
request
– Client generally carries out DNS (Domain
Name Service) to find IP address of server
6
Retrieve a document from the Web
Event Message content
• User selects a document
• HTTP Client locates the
server host and sets up a two
way connection
• HTTP client sends message Get /infocom/index.htm HTTP/1.0
requesting document
• HTTP server listing on TCP
port 80 interprets message
7
Retrieve a document from the Web (cont.)

• HTTP server sends a result code HTTP/1.1 200 OK
and a description of information Server: Apache/1.2/5 FrontPage 3.0.4
that the client will receive Content-Length: 414
Content-Type: text/html
• HTTP server reads the requested <html>
file and sends the file through TCP <head>
port <title>IEEE Infocom’99—The future is
• HTTP server disconnects the Now …
connection
• Text is displayed by the client
browser, which interprets HTML
8
HTTP client/server interaction
Request
HTTP HTTP
client server
Response
9
Figure 2.1
HTTP HTTP
client server
Ephemeral Port 80
Port #
GET 80, #
TCP TCP
#, 80 STATUS
•TCP provides a pipe between HTTP client and HTTP server

•Transfer of message between HTTP client/server is virtual, indirect
•HTTP is said to use the service provided by TCP (lower layer)10
Figure 2.2
Example—DNS query
• DNS—Domain Name Service
• Domain nameIP address
– such as cs.iupui.edu134.68.140.1
• It is a distributed database system on
multiple machines, each of which can act as
a DNS server that other systems can query
• May recursively query to resolve an IP
address
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DNS query and response
1.Application requests name to address
translation
2. Resolver composes query message
Header: OPCODE=SQUERY
Question:
QNAME=cs.iupui.edu., QCLASS=IN,
3. Resolver sends datagram encapsulating QTYPE=A
the query
4. DNS server looks up address and Header: OPCODE=SQUERY,RESPONSE AA
prepares response Question: QNAME=cs.iupui.edu.,
QCLASS=IN,QTYPE=A
Answer: cs.iupui.edu. 86400 IN A134.68.140.1
5. DNS sends UDP datagram encapsulating
the response message
12
DNS DNS
client server
Ephemeral Port 53
Port #
Query 53, #
UDP UDP
#, 53 STATUS
•UDP provides a pipe between DNS client and DNS server

•Transfer of message between DNS client/server is virtual, indirect
•DNS is said to use the service provided by UDP (lower layer) 13
•UDP is connectionless, so no connection between client/server Figure 2.2
Email: Client and Servers
Servers: POP3: Post Office Protocol, port #110

or IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol, port #143
SMTP: Simple Main Transfer Protocol, port #25
Client: MS outlook (express) or pine or elm,,…
The picture copied from http://www.howstuffworks.com/email.htm 14
Layered structures
HTTP, DNS, EMAIL
||
TCP/UDP
||
IP
15
Unified view of layers, protocols, and services
• Various layers: a layer groups a set of relevant functions

• Peer processes (entities): the two corresponding communicating
processes (entities) in a layer
• Protocol: rules governing the behavior of two peer entities in that layer
• Services: the functionality provided by a layer
• Protocol Data Unit (PDU): the data exchanged between peer entities
• Header: protocol control/address information in a PDU
• Service Data Unit (SDU): actual user information in a PDU
• PDU =Header + SDU, PDUn+1 = SDUn
• Service Access Point (SAP): a place (unique identifier, software port)
of layer n where layer n+1 can access the services offered by layer n
16
Peer-to-peer communication
n-PDUs
n n
entity entity
PDU = Header + SDU

17
Figure 2.3
Layer services
n+1 n+1
entity entity
n+1-PDU n+1-PDU
n-SDU n-SDU n-SAP
n-SAP
n-SDU H
n entity n entity
H n-SDU
n-PDU
•n+1-PDU is passed to layer n through n-SAP
•n-SDU (n+1-PDU) is encapsulated, layer n does not touch it (usually)
•Layer n+1 just relies on the success of transfer by layer n, but does
18 not
concern the implementation of layer n Figure 2.2
Services: connection-oriented &
connectionless services
• a service provided by layer n involves:
– Accepting n+1-PDU from layer n+1
– Transferring to its peer
– The peer delivers to the user at layer n+1
• Connection-oriented service:
– 1. Set up a connection between two n-SAPs,
– 2. Transferring n-PDUs using layer n protocol,
– 3. Tear down the connection and release resources
• Connectionless service:
– no set up, each PDU is transferred directly from SAP to SAP;
control information from layer n+1 to layer n must contain all the
address information required to transfer the PDUs
• Example: http.
19
Confirmed & unconfirmed service
• Confirmed service: the sender must be informed
of the outcome.
• Unconfirmed service: the sender need not to be
informed of the outcome.
Example: connection setup is a confirmed service.
The connectionless service may be confirmed or
unconfirmed depending whether sender requires
acknowledgment.
QUESTION? Does it make sense for a network to provide a
confirmed, connectionless transfer service?
20
Segmentation and blocking
• Different networks may have different limitation
on the size of a block of information.
• MTU: Maximum Transfer Unit
• Segmentation: if the size of block information is
too large, need to break into several segments and
transfer them separately.
• Blocking: if SDUs are too small as to result in
inefficiency, then combine several SDUs into a
single SDU.
21
(a) Segmentation Reassembly
n-SDU n-SDU
n-PDU n-PDU n-PDU n-PDU n-PDU n-PDU
(b) Blocking Unblocking
n-SDU n-SDU n-SDU n-SDU n-SDU n-SDU
n-PDU n-PDU
Segmentation/reassembly and blocking/unblocking

22
Figure 2.5
Application A Application B
Application Application
Layer Layer
Presentation Presentation
Layer Layer
Session Session
Layer Layer
Transport Transport
Layer Communication Network Layer
Network Network Network Network

Layer Layer Layer Layer
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

Electrical and/or Optical Signals

23
The OSI reference model (proposed by ISO) Figure 2.6
OSI reference model—seven layers
• All applications are built on the top of the seven
layers, specifically, on the top of the application
layer.
• The top 4 layers are end-to-end and involves the
interaction of peer entities across the network,
however, the bottom 3 layers are point-to-point
and involve the interaction of peer entities across a
single hop.
24
OSI reference model— layer 7 and 6
• Application layer:
– provides services that are frequently required by applications. e.g., WWW
applications (browser and web server) are built on HTTP layer.
• Presentation layer:
– provides application layer with independence from difference in the
representation of data.
– For example, application A uses machine-dependent data format DFA and
application B uses machine-dependent format DFB, then at end A, the
representation layer will convert the data in DFA to machine-independent
data, then when data arrive at end B, the representation layer will convert
the machine-independent data into format DFB. DFA  machine-
independent DFB.
– Different codes for characters and integers, 1th bit or last bit as most
significant bit.
25
OSI reference model— layer 5
• Session layer: provides dialog control and enhances the

reliable transfer service provided by transport layer.
– it establishes and terminates connections between SS-users and
synchronizes the data exchange between them.
– it performs various negotiations for the use of session layer tokens,
which the SS-user must possess to begin communicating.
– it inserts synchronization points in transmitted data that allow the
session to be recovered in the event of errors or interruptions.
– it enables SS-users to interrupt a session and resume it later at a
specific point.
26
• Transport layer: end-to-end transfer of message from the source

machine to the destination machine.
– Only being executed at end computer systems.
– Certain end-to-end services:
• Connection-oriented:
– Error-free transfer of byte stream
– Error detection and recovery
– Sequence and flow control.
• Unconfirmed connection-less:
– Transfer of individual messages
– Provides appropriate address information
27
OSI reference model— layer 4 (cont.)
• Transport layer
– Segmentation/reassembly and
blocking/unblocking
– Possibly setting up and releasing connections
– Possibly multiplexing multiple transport layer
connections into one network connection
– Possibly split one transport layer connection
into several network connections
– Accessing transport layer by socket interface
28
Connection-oriented VS. Connectionless
Connection-oriented Connectionless
Maintain state information No knowledge of the
about every connection "connection"
Allocate resources to No resource allocation
connections at switches
Admission control No admission control
Per connection routing Per packet routing
Reliable and in-order delivery Robust but out of order,
duplicate, delay, even lost in
delivery
29
Connection-oriented VS. Connectionless (cont.)
Connection-oriented Connectionless
Route packet based on identifier Route packet based on destination
(connection ID in every packet) address, which is in every packet
Forwarding table specifies the Routing table specifies the output

output port and outgoing identifier port depending on the destination
value as function of the address
incoming identifier value
Forwarding table set up by Router executes distributed
signaling during connection algorithm to share network state
establishment. information and dynamically
calculate the routing table
Connection must be re-established Packets are rerouted around
in cases of failure failures, robust against
failures
30
• Network layer: provides the transfer of data in

the form of packets across the communication
networks.
– Routing (which makes this layer most complex)
– Congestion control
– Internet sub-layer: routing between the different
networks, hiding the details of each specific network
such as address differences, size and format
differences
– Being implemented at each intermediate node
31
C PS = packet switch
PS C = computer
C
PS
PS
PS
C
C C
A packet-switching network using a uniform routing procedure
32
Figure 2.7
The networks may be quite different.
A gateway/router may connect several networks.
G = gateway/router
net 3
G
net 1
G
G
G
net 5
net 2 G net 4 G
An internetwork
33
Figure 2.8
Switches/routers/gateways
• Circuit switch, used in telephone networks

• Packet switch/router/gateway:
– Generally consider them as the same meaning
– Packet switch deals with a uniform routing procedure,
within one homogenous network, one pair of data link
and physical layer
– Router/gateway deals with routing in multiple
heterogeneous networks, more than one pair of data
link and physical layers
– Gateway sometime contains firewall function
34
Switches/routers/gateways (cont.)
• Mainly from the point of software, i.e.,

containing functions of lower three layers
• Of course, there are some requirements for
hardware such as speed, disk, memory,
multiple interfaces.
• Bridge: used to connect multiple similar
LANs.
35
• Data link layer: provides the transfer of frames

across a transmission link that directly connects
two nodes
– Point-to-point transfer
– Framing to indicate the boundaries of frames
– Inserting control and physical address information
– Inserting check bits for recovering from error
– Flow control (in point-to-point basis)
• Links: point-to-point, shared media,wireless
36
point-to-point link
transceivers
     
Shared media link
37
Figure 1.17
Wireless link
BSS BSS
MSC
HLR STP SS#7
VLR wireline
EIR terminal
AC PSTN
AC = authentication center MSC = mobile switching center

BSS = base station subsystem PSTN = public switched telephone network
EIR = equipment identity register STP = signal transfer point
HLR = home location register VLR = visitor location register
38
Figure 4.52
• Physical layer: deals with the transfer of

bits over a communication channel.
– Setting up and release of physical connection
– Mechanical factors
– Systems parameters
• Again, each intermediate node in the
networks has the network layer, data link
layer and physical layer
39
Transfer of what across what in each layer
Transport layer: transfer of messages from end (source) to end (destination
Network layer:transfer of packets across multiple networks.
Data link layer: transfer of frames across a transmission link.
Physical layer: transfer of bits over a communication channel.
The intermediate node (or router) has low three

layers.
The end node has high four layers + low three layers.
40
Headers and trailers added to data
Application A Application B
data
Application Application
Layer data ah Layer
Presentation Presentation
Layer data ph Layer
Session Session
Layer data sh Layer
Transport Transport
Layer data th Layer
Network Network
Layer data nh Layer
Data Link Data Link

Layer dt data dh Layer
Physical Physical
Layer bits Layer
41
Figure 2.9

Applications and layered architectures overview

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Applications and layered architectures

• Various services: various applications require

• Web browsing and e-mail examples

• HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol

Event Message content

•TCP provides a pipe between HTTP client and HTTP server

•UDP provides a pipe between DNS client and DNS server

Servers: POP3: Post Office Protocol, port #110

• Various layers: a layer groups a set of relevant functions

PDU = Header + SDU

n-PDU n-PDU n-PDU n-PDU n-PDU n-PDU

(b) Blocking Unblocking

n-SDU n-SDU n-SDU n-SDU n-SDU n-SDU

Segmentation/reassembly and blocking/unblocking

Network Network Network Network

Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

Electrical and/or Optical Signals

• Session layer: provides dialog control and enhances the

• Transport layer: end-to-end transfer of message from the source

Forwarding table specifies the Routing table specifies the output

• Network layer: provides the transfer of data in

A packet-switching network using a uniform routing procedure

• Circuit switch, used in telephone networks

• Mainly from the point of software, i.e.,

• Data link layer: provides the transfer of frames

Shared media link

AC = authentication center MSC = mobile switching center

• Physical layer: deals with the transfer of

Transport layer: transfer of messages from end (source) to end (destination

Network layer:transfer of packets across multiple networks.

Data link layer: transfer of frames across a transmission link.

Physical layer: transfer of bits over a communication channel.

The intermediate node (or router) has low three

Data Link Data Link

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