RBS ENGINEERING TECHNICAL CAMPUS BICHPURI ,AGRA

A PRESENTATION ON PROJECT

DETECTOR AND LOCATOR OF FAULT IN UNDERGROUND CABLE

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PRESENTED TO :- PRESENTED BY:-

Er. UPENDRA PAL SINGH SHEETAL KUMAR

BHUPEENDRA SINGH
VIPIN KUSHWAH
ANURAG SINGH
CONTENT
1.Introduction
2.Project Overview
3.Working
4.Block Diagram
5.Power Supply
6.Transfpormer
7.Rectifier
8.Voltage Regulator
9.Relay
10.ADC
11.LCD
12.Microcontroller
13.Advantages
14.Applications
 INTRODUCTION
 Till last decades, a million miles of cables are threaded in the air across the country. But
currently it is laid in the underground, which is larger to an earlier method. Because, underground
cables are not affected by any adverse weather condition like pollution, heavy rainfall, snow and
storm, etc. But, when any problem occurs in cable, it is very difficult to find the exact location of
the fault due to not knowing the exact location of the cable. Day by day, the world is becoming
digitized so the project is proposed to find the location of fault in digital way. When the fault
occurs, the process of repairing related to that particular cable is very difficult. The fault of the
cable mainly occurs due to many reasons. They are: inconsistent, any defect, weakness of the
cable, insulation failure and breaking of the conductor. To overcome this problem, here is a project
namely underground cable fault distance locator, used to find the location of the fault for
underground cable.
 Before attempting to find underground cable faults on direct hidden primary cable, it is
essential to know where the cable is situated and what direction it takes. If the fault occurs on the
secondary cable, then knowing the exact route is even more critical. Since it is extremely difficult
to find a cable fault without knowing where the cable is, it makes sense to master cable locating
and tracking before start the fault locating process.
 PROJECT OVERVIEW

1.The project uses the simple concept of OHMs law where a low DC voltage is applied at the sending end
through a series resistor.

2.The current would vary depending upon the length of fault of the cable in case there is a short circuit
of LL or LLL or LG etc.

3.The series resistor voltage drop changes accordingly which is then fed to an ADC to develop precise
digital data which the programmed microcontroller would display the same in KILO METER.
 WORKING

This project is intended to detect the location of fault in underground cable lines. It is actually not
feasible to keep a check on the fault of the cables. This project gives a digital way to detect the fault
location, i.e. the distance of the fault from the feeder end, so that it is easy to rectify that fault..

 First we use a transformer to convert 230v ac into 12v ac.

 And then by using full wave bridge rectifier the 12v ac is converted into equivalent dc volt.

 This dc volt is fed to the voltage regulator which gives a stable o/p of 5v.
 We use 3 rows of series connected resistors along with the fault switches which represents the 3
phase lines.

 5v is given to the microcontroller for biasing and a microcontroller is used to make the
necessary calculations.

 When the microcontroller sends a logic high signal to one of the input pins of the relay driver,
the corresponding output pin goes low.

 This low logic signal energizes the relay connected to the output.

 And the relay tripped the faulty line and the distance of the fault is displayed on LCD.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
POWER SUPPLY
The power supply circuit consists of step down transformer which is 230v step down to 12v.In this
circuit 4diodes are used to form bridge rectifier which delivers pulsating dc voltage & then fed to
capacitor filter the output voltage from rectifier is fed to filter to eliminate any a.c. components
present even after rectification. The filtered DC voltage is given to regulator to produce 12v constant
DC voltage.
 TRANSFORMER

Transformer is static device which transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit with
change in voltage or current without change in frequency .in this step down transformer is used.
Usually DC voltage are required to operate various electronic equipment and this voltage are 5v ,9v or
12v.but this voltage cannot be obtained directly . Thus the AC input available at the main supply. i.e.
230v is to be brought down the required voltage level. This is done by transformer.
RECTIFIER
 VOLTAGE REGULATORS

 A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator

designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. In this project, power supply of
5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain
these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage
regulators are to be used. The first number 78
represents positive supply and the numbers
05, 12 represent the required output voltage
levels .
 RELAY

Relay is sensing device which senses the fault

and sends a trip signal to circuit breaker to
isolate the faulty section. A relay is an
automatic device by means of which an
electrical circuit is indirectly controlled and is
governed by change in the same or another
electrical circuit. There are various types of
relay: Numerical relay, Static relay and
electromagnetic relay. Relay are housed in
panel in the control room. Here three mini
power relays are used each for one of the three
phases. The relays periodically scan the three
phases and send the signal to the AT Mega16
Microcontroller controller. The rating of each
of the relays is about 12V.
 ADC
Features

 Easy to interface with all Microprocessors

or works Stand alone.
 Single channel 8-bit ADC module
 On chip Clock available, no need of
external Oscillator (Clock)
 When Vref = 5V
 Available in 20-pin PDIP, SOIC packages
 LCD

 Liquid crystal display are interfacing to micro controller 8051.Most commonly LCD
used are 16*2 and20*2 display. In 16*2 display means 16 represents column and 2
represents rows. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose
computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be
displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital
clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of
a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements .
 MICROCONTROLLER

AT Mega 16 micro controller is an 8 bit

high performance micro controller from
the Atmel’s Mega AVR family. At mega16
micro controller is a 16 bit 40 pin micro
controller based on enhanced
RISC(Reduced instruction set
computing) architecture with 131
powerful instruction. AT mega 16 micro
controller can be worked on a maximum
frequency 16 MHZ. The micro controller
is an input supply is given to the voltage
regulator also drives a solid state relay
driver which in turn controls the relays
for proper connection of the
Underground cable(feeder) resistor at
each phase connection to each zone. It is
fault occur in relay will be open ,to
current flow in open condition. To
Intimate alarm to faulty section.
Automatic displayed in cable fault at a
distance in LCD display displayed in
substation.
 ADVANTAGES

 1.The main use this project is cable fault detecting under grounds.
 2.Low cost.
 3.Less complexity.
 4.Long distance applications.
 APPLICATIONS

 1.INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
 2.GROUND CABLE FAULT DETECTION APPLCIATIONS
 3.ELECTRICAL CABLE FAULT DETCTION APPLICATIONS